Mine Creek Battlefield

Lecture ThirtyFour Stalemate in 1864 MilitaryHistory

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 20:52:34 GMT

Scope This lecture returns to military events with an examination of Union planning in the winter and spring of 1864 and attention to some early failures in executing northern strategy. As chief of Union forces west of the Appalachians, Ulysses S. Grant initially formulated a strategy for that arena. When he was promoted to General-in-Chief of the Union armies in March 1864, Grant broadened his thinking to encompass the entire military landscape. His final plan called for simultaneous advances...

Cntfai AgrarianReform

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 19:07:18 GMT

the situation to escalate from anti-militarist protests to desertions was something that caused concern to those in favour of discipline and was hard for them to accept. Their methods of persuasion failed, and there were no other ways, except armed confrontation, to halt this trend. Many of these deserters and dissidents brandished their arms in the streets of Barcelona in May 1937. And it was there that they finally realised that they were now on their own. The reconstruction of central power...

Carbines Cavalry Corps 2

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 18:49:08 GMT

Again the remarks under the supply of sabres and revolvers applies equally well to the carbines used by the Confederate troopers. The British Enfield single-shot muzzle-loading -577 calibre was widely used by both sides at the beginning of the war, and Confederates preferred it because of its accuracy and rugged reliability. The -58 calibre Minie ball and cartridge could be used. It followed the 'Tower' rifle musket pattern, and was some 40 inches long with two barrel bands and usually a strap...

The Liaoshen campaign RepublicChina

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 17:57:20 GMT

A similar fate soon befell Changchun. Under siege since August, the Nationalists had tried to break out on several occasions but had been unable to pierce the surrounding PLA ring. After three months of fearful privation that reduced the population to cannibalism, with corpses being bought and sold for food, Changchun finally surrendered on 26 October. The Nationalist cause had not been well served by their leaders at Changchun. A number of NRA officers made contact with the enemy, offering to...

A confusion of clothing MachineGuns

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 17:41:06 GMT

Due to the economic disruption of Russia caused by the Great W ar and two revolutions, it proved imposs- on-regulation sleeve badges, 111S-2II clockwise from top left 1st Kalmuk Cavalry Regiment the most popular armoured unit badge 2nd Moscow Red Heavy Artillery Commanders' School rare pattern used by aviation detachments sapper company of an infantry regiment or brigade on-regulation sleeve badges, 111S-2II clockwise from top left 1st Kalmuk Cavalry Regiment the most popular armoured unit...

The Role of Military Police and Special Purpose Units BosniaHerzegovina

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 16:09:06 GMT

For the commanders of both the HVO's OZCB and the ABiH's III Corps, the most significant and direct challenge to their exercise of effective command and control was the presence in their area of responsibility of military police and special purpose units under the control of national-level authorities and thus not obliged to answer through the local chain of command. Moreover, the III Corps commander was also forced to deal with a number of quasiprivate military forces, such as the Muslim Armed...

Matilda Tillie Pierce Alleman 1848 African American 2

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 15:29:24 GMT

Tillie Pierce was 13 years old when the Civil War broke out and almost 15 when the fighting came to her home in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where she was attending classes at the Gettysburg Seminary. During the summer of 1863, local girls shared the local rumors about Rebels headed for their town. With growing fear, Pierce observed people leaving with bundles of belongings and watched as the old men and boys who remained in town practiced their military drill. Fear gave wings to her feet and...

The road to authoritarianism AgrarianReform

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 13:19:13 GMT

The brunt of the blame for the rebellion was placed, at the instigation of the CEDA and one sector of the Partido Radical, on Manuel Aza a, the socialists and the Statute of Catalonia as a symbol of the 'disunion of the Fatherland'. Aza a had gone to Barcelona on 28 September to attend the funeral of Jaume Carner, his ex-Finance Minister. There he met Indalecio Prieto, and he tried to 'caution him against' the proposed revolution, as he 'considered that it lacked any chance of success'. In his...

Drill BreechLoading

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 12:09:50 GMT

Everybody in t he 17th century seems to have had their version of drill and in many respects they differ only slightly. It is important to stress that the effects of gravity on a projectile and how that transferred from theory to practice were not understood widely. Manuals were available that described some of the theorems but this rarely replaced the good old eyeball Mark I. From practice and with common sense, gunners tended to know the way in which their guns reacted when elevated or...

Gun Casting BreechLoading

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 11:07:53 GMT

A nice representation of 17th-century gun types with a culverin, cannon, perrier and two types of mortar and showing the different proportions of each weapon. Since muzzle-loading smooth bore guns were the most commonly encountered form of artillery used during the war, it would not be out of place to describe the casting process that produced them. Bronze and iron gun casting processes were very similar and both started with the manufacture of a model. The model of the gun was made of wood...

Contents GrandGulf

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 03:09:08 GMT

The Strategic Situation, Autumn 1862 19 Grant's First Attempt, November Sherman's Attack at Chickasaw Bluffs 23 The Western Theatre of Operations, Autumn 1862

Imperial Army Uniforms GoldTriangles

Wed, 22 Feb 2012 00:28:07 GMT

From 1910 the soldiers of the Imperial Chinese Army were dressed in a new Westernised uniform which had winter and summer versions. Winter uniforms were in dark blue with branch colour facings on the peaked cap, shoulder bars and sleeve stripes. Trousers were quite baggy, and tucked into white gaiters which fastened with small buttons down the side and had a strap that went under the shoe. Rank was shown by the number of black stripes around the cap and the number of branch colour stripes on...

A Hand Grenade Confederate Army 2

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 23:05:54 GMT

Northerners tried several infantry assaults on the Vicksburg trench lines. In those attacks, they sometimes used Ketchum hand grenades. These weapons exploded when they landed on the detonation plates fixed to their noses. Confederates stopped these grenades by catching them in blankets and throwing them back at the attacking Union troops. Citizens of new england and the Midwest were stunned when the Southern states left the Union. Many had believed their family of state would never break up....

The Fall of Fojnica BosniaHerzegovina

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 22:51:42 GMT

Having been stymied in their attempt to force a passage through the Kisel-jak area along the Tarcin-Toplica-Tulica-Han Ploca axis, the ABiH refo-cused their attacks to the west toward Kresevo and Fojnica.6 The HVO forces defending in the Fojnica-Kresevo area included the Ban Josip Jelacic Brigade's 2d and 3d Battalions. The brigade, commanded by Ivica Rajic, had a total strength of about twenty-five hundred men. The brigade's 1st Battalion was responsible for the northern front toward Visoko....

Secondary Sources FortifiedPlaces

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 21:19:10 GMT

Atkin, Malcolm, ' The Civil War Defences of Gloucester', Fortress, No. 10, pp. 32-38 London, 1991 Atkin, Malcolm, and Howes, Russell, 'The use of archaeology and documentary sources in Identifying the Civil War defences of Gloucester', Post Medieval Archaeology, Vol. 27, pp. 15-41 London, 1993 Burke, James, 'The New Model and the problems of siege warfare, 1648-51', Irish Historical Studies, Vol. XXVII, No. 105, pp. 1-29 Antrim, 1990 Burke, James, 'Siege warfare in Seventeenth Century Ireland',...

The Army Of The Potomac HeadquartersFlags

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 19:25:51 GMT

As the Union's field armies grew in size, various of their commanders attempted to make units easy to identify in the field through systems of unique flags carried by each formation and unit. The Army of the Potomac's General Orders No. 102 was issued 24 March 1862, under Major-General George B. McClellan's direction, and gave the Union Army its first comprehensive army-wide flag designating system. According to the sections which provided instructions on flags, the army's general headquarters...

The calm before the storm AbrahamLincoln

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 19:22:03 GMT

Both the Federal and the Confederate armies used the winter of 1861-62 to organize, outfit, and train their troops. The North was particularly in need of this break. Its confidence Abolitionists people who worked to end slavery Blockade the act of surrounding a harbor with ships in order to prevent other vessels from entering or exiting the harbor the word blockade is also sometimes used when ships or other military forces surround and isolate a city, region, or country Civil War conflict that...

Chinese Civil War GoldTriangles

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 17:29:40 GMT

PHILIP JOWETT was born in Leeds in 1961,and has been interested in military history for as long as he can remember. He has written a number of books for Osprey including a three-part sequence on The Italian Army 1940-45 Men-at-Arms 340, 349 amp 353 . A rugby league enthusiast and amateur genealogist, he is married and lives in Leeds. STEPHEN ANDREW was born in 1961 in Glasgow, where he still lives and works. An entirely self-taught artist, he worked in advertising and design agencies before...

The sites in war FortifiedPlaces

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 15:24:51 GMT

By speedy marches were advanc'd Up to the fort where he ensconc'd And all the avenues had possess'd About the place, from east to west. That done, a while they made a halt, To view the ground, and where t'assault Then call'd a council, which was best, By siege or onslaught, to invest The enemy and 'twas agreed, By storm and onslaught to proceed. This b'ing resolv'd, in comely sort They now drew up 'attack the fort Hudibras There was very little use for field fortifications in the pitched...

Putes EasternAssociation

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 11:02:59 GMT

recommended one between two men were used for wood cutting to prevent damaging the swords. Explosive hand grenades 1 recommended by Monck for use on the flanks of each pike division, 'a great advantage, if they were boldly and well thrown'60 saw limited use and were employed mostly for clearing buildings as at Bristol in 1643 when West bury Church was taken by grenading out the defenders. The use of the term 'granadoes' in the Civil War era was also applied to mortar bombs. 1 'Ihe traditional...

The Eastport RearAdmiral

Tue, 21 Feb 2012 06:20:18 GMT

On February 7, 1862, three Union gunboats the Lexington, the Tyler, and the Conestoga made a daring foray deep into Confederate territory, ascending the Tennessee River all the way to Muscle Shoals in Alabama. At Cerro Gordo, in Tennessee, the force seized three Confederate steamers without opposition. One of these was the partially completed Confederate gunboat Eastport, a splendid stern-wheel steamer 280 feet long. Not only was the gunboat captured, but the Union raiders also came away with a...

American Civil War Union Army SackCoats

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 22:40:23 GMT

Copyright 1996, 1998 Brassey's UK Ltd All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers. First English Edition 1996 First Paperback Edition 1998 Brassey's, 33 John Street, London WC1N 2AT Tel. 0171 753 7777 Fax. 0171 753 7794 E-mail brasseys dial.pipex.com Website...

The Ukraine Hms BullockCollection

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 21:00:12 GMT

The UHA had ceased to exisl by April 1920. In order to continue the struggle against the Vasily Konstantinovich Blyukhei In the opening months of 1918, he commanded the South Urals Partisan Army, a force of 10,000 that carried a red banner with white skull and crassbones. In these days, Blyukher fought against Ataman Dutov's Cossacks and according to Soviet hagiography, wore a 'black mask'. He became the first recipient of the Order of the Red Banner after his forces broke through enemy lines...

Fort Pulaski CoastalFortifications

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 18:57:04 GMT

Built on Cockspur Island to guard the mouth of the Savannah River, Fort Pulaski was regarded as one of the strongest forts in the country. It was built over a period of 18 years on a bed of log pilings and wooden beams, a project supervised at one stage by the future Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Completed in 1847, the pentagonal structure was formed from one tier of casemates and a barbette level on four sides the front two faces and the truncated sides , and a landward face that...

Private North Carolina Infantry CSA MuseumPhiladelphia

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 15:58:24 GMT

for blue as the infantry color, these infantrymen are wearing black shoulder strips. The trousers are of matching gray cloth, with black stripes down the seams. Some North Carolinan soldiers were equipped with single or double crossbelts, and, while weaponry varied, most carried the 1842 musket. Only because North Carolina could produce its own textiles and had ports for blockade-run items, could the State arm and equip its men so effectively. The troops from the State of North Carolina were...

Spanish Republic And Civil War AgrarianReform

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 11:24:27 GMT

The Spanish Civil War has gone down in history for the horrific violence that it generated. The climate of euphoria and hope that greeted the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy was utterly transformed just five years later by a cruel and destructive civil war. Here, Juli n Casanova, one of Spain's leading historians, offers a magisterial new account of this critical period in Spanish history. He exposes the ways in which the Republic brought into the open simmering tensions between Catholics and...

The growth of unrest SocialRevolution

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 10:15:58 GMT

Labour radicalisation was evident in strikes and unrest in both industry and agriculture. Indeed, the Republican-Socialist coalition repressed strikes and imposed law and order by the same rough methods as previous governments. An Anarchist general strike in the summer of 1931 was crushed by the army, leaving 30 people dead. In the village of Castilblanco, in Badajoz province, in Extremadura, a demonstration by rural workers who were members of the Socialist agricultural union the FNTT National...

Infantry TrainedBands

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 08:53:20 GMT

Published in 1989 by Osprey Publishing Ltd 59 Grosvenor Street, London W1X 9DA Copyright 1989 Osprey Publishing Ltd Reprinted 1991, 1992 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical,...

Index VolunteerArmy

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 08:33:24 GMT

Figures in bold refer to illustrations Alekseev, General M.V. 7. IS Archangel 7, 14, 33, 34 armored cars Armed Forces of.South Rtis.su AFSR 8-9 Austin third series 3, 5, 6. 6, 7. 8 strengths and weaknesses 6-7 Volunteer Army 7-8. 44, A2 White Army 4-f gt . 7 armored trains Ainriu.m 24 armaments 22-3. 24, 33 Armed Forces ol South Russi t AFSR 24-5 British 23. 24 colors and markings 40 command trains 40, 10. 41 crews 23 Volunteer Army 35-6, 38-9. 44. 45. 111. 47. Fl. F2. Gl White Army 20, 39...

Red Flag and Red Star CollarPatches

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 07:52:29 GMT

The choice of red as the colour of the Russu Revolution deserves further explanation. Red has i centuries been the international symbol of mutiny ai brigandage it was the traditional colour, symbolisq blood, of pirates' flags alongside black, standing 1 death . In international naval usage, the red flag known as the 'flag of defiance', and was raised whe-ship was preparing for battle in contrast to the wh flag, w hich, of course, w as the flag of peace or sum der. In Russian, red or krasm has...

Murfreesboro BattleFlags

Mon, 20 Feb 2012 02:50:20 GMT

This 'Hnrdcc's pattern ' battle flag was carried by the ijth Tennessee, which as merged with the 2jrd Tennessee after the battles of Murfreesboro and Chickamauga. Initially there was little in the way of unified design or effort to provide standardized flags within the Confederate state west of the Mississippi River. On 18 November 1861 the Chief Quartermaster, Department of Texas, bought '3 large Flags,' made from 68 yards of bunting, from Samuel Maas, but this seems to have been the only...

Partisan Ranger Leaders PartisanRangers

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 23:21:45 GMT

Tinker Dave Beaty Union An illiterate tinker from eastern Tennessee, in 1862 he formed Beaty's Independent Scouts, a partisan group recognized and supplied by the Federal army. Ranging from a couple of dozen men to about 100, it attracted deserters from both sides. Beaty helped secure the roads from Confederate guerrillas, but spent much of his time harassing enemy civilians he also murdered soldiers on both sides for their weapons, and ambushed supply wagons for loot. A bitter enemy of Champ...

Expenditure FortifiedPlaces

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 20:58:22 GMT

Numerous records survive detailing the amounts spent on constructing fortifications during the Civil War. In the majority of cases, the costs were borne by the citizens of the various towns, although money was forthcoming from Parliament in cases where places were considered of national importance such as Reading and Weymouth. In Canterbury, money was raised by subscription and 200 was issued by the city treasurer on account for fortifying the place in November 1642. At York, 12 was received...

Secondary sources NorthernIreland

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 20:27:22 GMT

Abbott, R., Police Casualties in Ireland 1919-1923 Dublin Mercier Press, 2000 Adair, J., Puritans Religion and Politics in Seventeenth Century England and America Stroud Sutton Publishing Ltd, 1998 Allen, G The Garcia Siochdna London Gill and MacMillan, 1999 Babington, A., Military Intervention in Britain From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident london amp New York Routledge, 1991 Barry, P., Guerrilla Days in Ireland New York Robert Reinhart Publishers, 1995 Bartlett, T., and Jeffrey,...

The Battle Draws To A Close DutchArmy

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 20:21:08 GMT

Gerard's men were not left without support for long. At long last some of die Royalist Horse had been brought back under control and returned to save the remnants of their Foot as the Royalist Official account describes 'By this time the Right Wing of our Horse was returned from Chasing the Rebels, and were in some Confusion, because they Came from the Execution but seeing our Foot and Cannon in some danger to be lost, by reason that the Rebels Horse and Foot those Horse which had never been...

Notes Jhv EasternAssociation

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 17:36:43 GMT

I Edward tX'jl ingham, from Brttunnu-jf Virtmu tmm .Oxford, 1644 quoted in Young, P.dgthH, p. 196 1 Atkvro. K. Tht I 'mJiattum ef Richird Atkvnt t 16A91 tee Aikvm. K amp Uw-ylt. J Tht Enthih CnnJ War ol Young. P. amp Tutker, N. London. l9A7 p.9 J Cnao, p JI 4 A Brit TriMUf ttj IT'jr in iktymref aw rtJtmpni gt n 1649, MSS by 5 Quota Younji. LStthtl . p 29 6 Quoted Adair. J CkrtiLm. 1644 j Kineton, 1973 p. 141 s See Milne, S.M Sun.UrJi jw Colvvri of ihr Army i66t-t Xi be misleading. For example,...

Preparatory Operations BosniaHerzegovina

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 13:47:59 GMT

The ABiH's April attack in the Lasva Valley was preceded by a number of incidents that call to mind the classic Spetsnaz operations prescribed by Soviet and JNA offensive doctrine and which serve to clarify the fact that, contrary to the usual opinion, the ABiH, not the HVO, initiated the fighting in central Bosnia on April 16, 1993. These incidents were designed to probe and fix local HVO defensive positions, gain control of terrain features critical to the success of the planned operation,...

in ESPAA SocialRevolution

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 12:07:30 GMT

and Fascist regimes supporting Franco, and the Soviet Union supporting the Republic -with momentous consequences for the war in Spain. So too did volunteers from dozens of countries who joined the International Brigades and defended the Republic, and a small number, mainly from Ireland, who briefly fought on the other side. Britain and France adopted the second option and pursued a policy of non-intervention aimed at limiting the conflict by making arms sales to Spain illegal. Foreign...

Reforms AgrarianReform

Sun, 19 Feb 2012 05:35:42 GMT

The reform and reorganisation of the army was implemented by Manuel Azana barely a week after he had been sworn in as the Minister for War in the provisional government. The army that the Republic inherited in 1931 had a history that abounded with interventions in politics, occupied a privileged position within the State and society, lacked modern armaments and was top-heavy with officers, many more than were necessary. Excluding the security forces, which were also militarised, the armed...

A terrible scene of carnage The second attack on the Congress FortMonroe

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 22:53:08 GMT

It was now around 3.20pm. The Virginia had destroyed or damaged two powerful enemy warships, and was relatively unscathed. She was also facing in the opposite direction from the rest of the Union fleet. She continued bombarding the shore, destroying both the wharf and General Mansfield's headquarters. The Virginia had to turn to port, but it would take about SO minutes to turn the ungainly ironclad through 180 degrees. In the meantime she provided enough of a distraction to allow the James...

Info Cjm FortMonroe

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 22:52:54 GMT

30 January Monitor launched 17 February CSS Virginia commissioned 25 February USS Monitor commissioned 6 March Monitor begins journey to Hampton Roads 8 March Battle of Hampton Roads First Day 10.OOhrs The French sloop Gassendi prepares to move, raising the suspicions of General Wool 10.30 Flag Officer Buchanan orders the CSS Virginia be prepared for sea 11.00 The Virginia begins her journey down the Elizabeth River 11.15 Union signal station on Newport News Point sights smoke on the Elizabeth...

th and 6th Regiments US Coloured Cavalry Cavalry Corps 2

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 14:46:52 GMT

Raised in Kentucky in October 1864, they served with the 1st Division, District of Kentucky, Department of Ohio later Department of Arkansas and mustered out March 1866. By August 1863 an estimated 37,000 Negroes were serving in the Union Army, and some 180,000 had served by the close of the war. These troops formed the nucleus for the additional regular negro units authorized in July 1866, two of cavalry and four of infantry. These two cavalry units were the 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry who won...

Distinctive Unit Flags of the MuseumPhiladelphia

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 12:47:23 GMT

Although the Confederate States of America had three National Flags and a battleflag authorized by law, flags extant today indicate usage of a great variety of patterns. Companies within regiments carried their own flags early in the war, while commanders of larger units adopted their own patterns, and military area commanders devised peculiar patterns for their areas. States also issued flags, usually bearing some form of the State Seal. Some flags bore slogans, such as Victory or Death others...

Insurrection AgrarianReform

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 10:18:18 GMT

The revolution, according to the socialist revolutionary committee, should have started with a general strike in the main cities and industrial centres, followed by sympathetic sectors of the armed forces. There were major strikes in Madrid, Seville, C rdoba, Valencia, Barcelona and Zaragoza, with brief outbreaks of armed uprising in certain locations in the latter province. In the mining area to the west of Bilbao, the army and the Civil Guard fought the insurgents for a few hours, and in...

The Union River Fleet GovernorMoore

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 04:07:46 GMT

Mr. ami's Ii. Ends, of St Louis, has proposed tis a means ofdefense the employment of the bouts owned by the wrecking company of which he is a member, and has advised that said boats be taken by the Government and properly armed and equipped for that service It is ordered that the subject be referred to General McCtellan, who will consult with Mr. Each and with such naval officer as the Navy Department may send out for thai purpose, and then, as he shall find best, lake order Jor the proper...

Excerpt from The American Apocalypse speech by Frederick Douglass Black Soldiers 2

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 02:03:59 GMT

Slavery, like all other gross and powerful forms of wrong which appear directly to human pride and selfishness, when once admitted into the framework of society, has the ability and tendency to beget a character in the whole network of society surrounding it, favorable to its continuance. The very law of its existence is growth and dominion. Natural and harmonious relations easily repose in their own rectitude, while all such as are false and unnatural are conscious of their own weakness, and...

The Supply Train and the SixMule Army Wagon MuseumPhiladelphia

Sat, 18 Feb 2012 01:29:40 GMT

Troops and artillery had priority of movement on the march, while ammunition wagons took precedence over other supply vehicles. Keeping the wagons rolling was a priority for the staff of every army. For this reason, as seen in this example, the unit insignia and contents were usually displayed on the canvas top, which, among other reasons, was designed to aid the easy movement of wagons, because of the strict rule of precedence on the road. This box wagon itself was the workhorse conveyance of...

Preface BosniaHerzegovina

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 22:22:08 GMT

Everyone loves an underdog, real or imagined, particularly if that under- xvii dog can be portrayed as the thoroughly innocent victim of sinister and numerous attackers following a premeditated plan of conquest and annihilation. Such a simplistic, Manichean explanation of complex events is both easy to construct and easy to understand. Thus, the portrayal of the Bosnian Muslims and the fledgling Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina RBiH as the blameless victims of both Bosnian Serb Chetniks and...

Browns death further divides America AbrahamLincoln

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 19:53:52 GMT

Brown's actions at Harpers Ferry and his execution a few weeks later had a major impact on communities all across America. In the North, reaction was mixed. Many people criticized Brown's violent methods, and most Northern lawmakers agreed with Senator William Seward 1801-1872 of New York, who called the abolitionist's execution necessary and just. But many other Northerners saw Brown as a heroic figure who was willing to die for his beliefs. A number of Northern communities tolled church bells...

November 15 December 21 1864 FederalArmy

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 17:45:35 GMT

After General Hood's Confederates evacuated Atlanta on September 2, Sherman's army occupied the city. Early in October, hoping to compel Sherman to relinquish Atlanta by destroying the Federal lines of communication - the railroad between the city and Chattanooga - Hood advanced into northern Georgia. Sherman rapidly pursued although he prevented Hood from seriously damaging the railroad, he was unable to engage him in battle. Fearing that the strategic gains from the capture of Atlanta would...

Lecture Forty The Northern Home Front McphersonBattle

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 17:02:31 GMT

Scope This lecture begins our consideration of the northern home front by looking at political developments during the first three years of the war and the presidential election of 1864. Although the war did not bring the type of dislocation to the North that was characteristic of the Confederate experience, it did produce great political change. The Republicans moved to solidify their position as the majority party after several decades of Democratic dominance. The Democratic Party split into...

Charles I and the descent into war in three kingdoms I 62542 ParliamentaryArmy

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 16:06:25 GMT

Charles I was a hard-working monarch with sincere convictions. However, some contemporaries and many historians have viewed him as a cold, formal, unattractive figure, unable or unwilling to explain himself, convince doubters or win affection, a man temperamentally and perhaps intellectually unsuited to holding power at a time of so many potential difficulties. From the outset, Charles pursued divisive and sometimes unworkable policies, refused to conciliate or compromise in the face of...

Criminal Activities BosniaHerzegovina

Fri, 17 Feb 2012 15:25:59 GMT

The state of general chaos engendered by the defensive war against the BSA, the internal conflicts in central Bosnia, and the general availability of weapons significantly increased the opportunities and rewards for common criminal activity in the region, a factor that further degraded the HVO and ABiH commanders' ability to exercise effective command and control.31 Croatian Defense Council authorities recognized the situation in a mid-1993 report, which noted The law and order situation in the...

Canada WheelSteamer

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 21:49:44 GMT

I MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM MM British Canada remained neutral during the American Civil War, but blockade-runners used Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a port from which to run the Union blockade. The Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama captured and destroyed six Union vessels off the coast of Canada, and the CSS Tallahassee destroyed one Union ship off the Canadian coast. Anglo Saxon. British. Screw steamer, 1,715 gross tons....

The fortifications today CoastalFortifications

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 21:36:19 GMT

The following selection of American coastal fortifications includes most of the major Third System forts, plus other Second System fortifications that played a significant role during the Civil War 1861-65 . This included State and National Park Service properties, forts owned by the local community, government agencies and those in private hands. At the time of writing, all these sites are open to the public unless otherwise noted. The forts are listed from north to south. Fort Knox, Defense...

The HVO Intelligence Estimates BosniaHerzegovina

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 15:30:03 GMT

Stewart later testified that he did not expect the outbreak of a major conflict between the Muslims and Croats in the Lasva Valley.1 However, the HVO authorities, having been caught flat-footed by the ABiH probing attack in January, were not surprised. The targeting of the ABiH for intelligence purposes began soon after the January 20-21 attacks, and on March 25 Ivica Zeko, the intelligence officer at HQ, OZCB, issued an intelligence estimate that accurately forecasted the nature, direction,...

The Port Royal expedition Marine Corps 2

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 14:07:18 GMT

During the fall of 1861 it was proposed to capture Port Royal and thereby gain a foothold on the coast of South Carolina and Capt Samuel F.DuPont, USN, requested that a battalion of 300 Marines be attached to his fleet. Nineteen officers and 330 enlisted men were organized under the command of Maj John Reynolds by mid-October taken mainly from the Washington headquarters, plus the Boston and Brooklyn navy yards, these Marines left Hampton Roads in the chartered steamer Governor with the rest of...

Introduction PortHudson

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 10:49:54 GMT

The commercial publisher J. B. Elliott of Cincinnati published a cartoon map in 1861 entitled Scott's Great Snake which illustrated General Winfield Scott's plan to crush the South both economically and militarily. The plan called for a strong blockade of the Southern ports and a major offensive down the Mississippi River to divide the South. The press ridiculed this as the Anaconda Plan, but this general scheme contributed greatly to the Northern victory in 1865. Library of Congress The...

CJtie Confederate oldier CavalryCorps

Thu, 16 Feb 2012 04:53:43 GMT

There were a number of reasons for this lack of uniform, besides states' rights and individual choice, and even they cannot all be laid at the government's feet. Lack of responsibility among the individual troops and poor company-grade officers who failed to make sure their men had all the necessary kit in good order accounted for much of the problem. If given anything the men felt was momentarily unnecessary, they simply threw it away. One Georgia captain wrote in early 1863 'The Company...

War in the North The Scottish Invasion January to April 1644 RoyalistArmy

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 23:05:44 GMT

Haggerston 19.1.44 lA N Middleton fi elfjeld Haggerston 19.1.44 lA N Middleton fi elfjeld Ebchester - 20.3.44Chester le StreeT Easington 1.4.44 r. o. i'Quarnngton 8.4.44 Sishop Auckland fVerry Hill 1 00' Easington 1.4.44 r. o. i'Quarnngton 8.4.44 Sishop Auckland fVerry Hill 1 00' In September 1643 Parliament and the Scots reached an agreement, the Solemn League and Covenant, whereby more than 20,000 Scottish troops would enter the war against the King. Scottish involvement would force the...

Dutch Style Cavalry Deployment DutchArmy

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 18:50:35 GMT

THE FORM Of THE DUKE OF BRUNSWYCKS HORSE BAtTAHE IN THE PLAIHE Of ELTON. THE 5 Of SEPTEMBER. 16Z5 wiru. tavalru oj th . SweJiih Note tht. i M5k W Wotly bttwan tht Cftvatnj pirww in lim- Alternate icplojmtMs for cavuU s mutans f ir the Impwwllrh Rflimonto Mortttcvtccoli's 'S lle Battadiii circa 1442 Tht rrows show tht line of rdrwt of flrjt lint c v lrij s uoirons but still preferred large units and German regiments were commonly deployed in a single body. Either style could be used by the...

Primary sources JuliusCaesar

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 17:27:51 GMT

The Civil War is well documented by the standards of ancient conflicts, but there remain many gaps in our knowledge. The best account is provided by Caesar's War Commentaries in three books covering 49-48, supplemented by separate accounts of the Alexandrian War, African War and Spanish War written by his continuators. The identities of the latter are unknown, but all appear to have been officers who served with Caesar and witnessed at least some of the events they described. All of these...

International Units MachineGuns

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 13:22:23 GMT

Infantryman, Chinese Battalion, 1' 18-20 hinese 'internationalist' soldiers wore the same uni-i mi as most Red Army troops a peaked cap, khaki 'ton gymnasterka and sharovary breeches but they .re always instantly recognisable, since Russian cloth-was far too big for them. The Chinese had a spe-1 value to the Bolsheviks industrious, efficient and ddom able to understand Russian, they were mployed by the Cheka for the arrest and execution of ti-Soviet elements. This Chinese soldier's equipment...

Indiana StateSeal

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 10:49:28 GMT

Although it is generally believed that most Indiana regiments carried regulation flags, at least the 13th Indiana Infantry Regiment carried a dark blue regimental color with the state seal embroidered in natural colours in the centre over a small red, white, The centre of the flag of the 1st Regiment, Massachusetts Hea vy Artillery, torn by a jo-pound shell at the Battle of Sailor's Creek, Virginia, 6 April iS6g. Massachusetts State House, Bureau of Slate Office Buildings The centre of the flag...

Caesars centurions JuliusCaesar

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 09:14:22 GMT

No personal account written by an ordinary soldier or junior officer survives for the Civil War. In the surviving narratives only a handful of men from the ranks are even mentioned by name, usually because they performed some conspicuous act of heroism. We know that soldiers were primarily recruited from the poorer classes. In normal circumstances most, if not all, were volunteers, but during civil wars many were probably unwilling conscripts. Soldiering had become a career, but the wages were...

Summary NationalistFighter

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 08:11:06 GMT

Some 22 operational I-16s, 36 R-5s, nine R-Zs, nine Grumman GE-23s, nineteen SB-2s, 20 I-152s, 44 I-15s, five Vultee single-engined transports, and some 150 miscellaneous and non-combat types fell into Nationalist hands at the end of hostilities, together with semi-completed aircraft found under construction in government factories which included 90 I-16s and about 200 I-15s. Since the departing German and Italian units left most of their aircraft behind, Franco was in possession of quite a...

Captain 9th Texas Cavalry ArmyRevolver

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 05:09:20 GMT

This captain of the 9th Texas Cavalry ably depicts what many of the mounted men from the western Confederacy looked like. Even more than their eastern counterparts, they carried a wide variety of weaponry depending upon what was available, and not according to regulations. This officer holds an English-made, percussion, double-barreled shotgun. In his right hand he wields a Confederate-made Dance revolver, a close copy of the prewar heavy Colt .44 caliber Dragoon percussion revolver....

New Sybtis FederatedCommonwealth

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 01:49:07 GMT

Following the trouncing that Duke Hasek's forces had delivered to the Loyalists, Including the death of Hauptmann General Justin Leabo, the Duke continued to push forward to drive the Archon's invaders from his home world. Hauptmann General Victor Amelio launched his own plan at the outset of Wave Six to halt the Duke and crush one of Hasek's units. Amelio took command of the last surviving elements of the Eleventh Avalon Hussars after he learned of Leabo's death and redeployed the unit to the...

istinctive State Flags of the Confederacy MuseumPhiladelphia

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 21:32:15 GMT

Southern state flags are visual evidence of the strong feeling of sir rights among individual mfederate states, and the addition patriotic slogans was quite mmonplace. A large number of ch flags, captured during the war, re returned to their states of origin the Federal Government in the rly decades of the twentieth ntury and they now usually reside their respective state capitols. iny of these flags, oil-painted on or embroidered, are really works art, and need professional care yv, if future...

Union Zouave and Rifle Officers Uniforms and Equipment MuseumPhiladelphia

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 20:16:31 GMT

Nowhere was the approach to infantry uniforms more starkly demonstrated than in the uniforms of the rifle regiments also known as sharpshooters and the zouaves. Rifle uniforms were designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, the color of the uniforms being usually a dark green or a dark blue. The branch insignia had a green background, and the piping was also green. These elite units were few in number and surviving equipment is correspondingly very rare The known individual owners of the...

bOfficer 9th Vermont Cavalry AmericanUniforms

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 18:35:57 GMT

c General of Cavalry. The figures on this plate all taken from contemporary photographs show variations of the cavalry uniform as worn on campaign. The officer of the 1st U.S. Cavalry wears a civilian, fur-collared overcoat and civilian hat, with no visible badges of rank, only his pistol identifying him as a soldier. The officer of the 9th Vermont Cavalry wears a type of 'patrol jacket', the other items of uniform being of the regulation pattern. The General of Cavalry, taken from a photograph...

Artillery EasternAssociation

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 14:48:50 GMT

'Artillery' in the seventeenth century did not have the same meaning as it docs today, but described any missile weapon, as in I Samuel nx, 40 'And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad . thus Bariffe's Military Discipline, or the Yong Artilleryman 11635 is concerned only with the musket and pike, and Niccols' London Artillery 1616 is so termed because 'the French word Fieldpiece upon split-trail field carriage Fieldpiece upon split-trail field carriage Comparative sizes of cannon-barrel...

US Navy Summer Dress AmericanUniforms

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 13:20:00 GMT

cloth jackets and trousers or grey woollen 'frocks' with white duck collars and cuffs, black hats and black handkerchiefs the rating illustrated, however, shows the dress common to both navies in action, allowing both comfort and freedom of movement. Confederate petty officers wore black 'fouled anchor' rank badges on the right or left sleeve depending on rank as in the Federal Navy dark blue badges when white summer dress was worn . In both navies, chief petty officers wore jackets like those...

Construction FortifiedPlaces

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 07:46:04 GMT

Building fortifications could take anywhere from a few days to several weeks. Most offensive operations involved rapid construction of batteries and trenches while the position was under fire. Numerous accounts speak of enemy siegeworks being built in a matter of hours although some of the large forts built could take much longer. Town defences in many cases were an ongoing concern and great care was taken to keep them in good order as they were all that stood between the enemy and safety....

The Canonicus Class Canonicus Catawba Mahopac Manyunk Manhattan Oneota Saugus Tippecanoe And Tecumseh RearAdmiral

Tue, 14 Feb 2012 02:11:35 GMT

Some of the shortcomings of the Passaic class were recognized early enough to be corrected in the design of the 9 ships of the Canonicus class. The side armor of the raft, made up of five 1-inch thicknesses of iron, like the Passaics, was strengthened by the addition of two armor stringers, iron belts 6 1 2 inches wide, running around the ship under the armor. For a distance of about 70 feet from the bow, these belts were 6 inches thick, and for the rest of the distance they were 4 inches...

Zouave Dress ZouaveRegiments

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 19:51:34 GMT

Recreation of a liner Ri le Zouave on campaign in IStil. His drawn Bowie knife is shaped like a sword at the hill. 11 could also be used as a first class 'knuckle duster in close combat. Sole the distinctive sniped trousers, ubiquitous red shirt and the unusual striped socks. beat s men were the only Zouave mill 'orth or South to wear such strange socks. Photo Michael Thomas The classic French Zouave uniform was based on the baggy trousers, short jackets and fez cs worn by the native North...

Mortars ArtilleryBattalion

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 19:51:00 GMT

The mortar is a snub-nosed, smoothbore weapon designed to hurl a ball a great distance into the air so it falls almost vertically into an enemy position. Usually mounted on heavy wooden beds most fell into the definition of siege or heavy artillery, although some were relatively small. The rounds fired were largely designed for use against personnel rather than objects sucli as masonry walls or enemy artillery. Hence, the preferred ammunition included shells the primary round , grape, light and...

Events in the Vares Area BosniaHerzegovina

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 18:54:39 GMT

In October and November, 1993, the focus of the Muslim-Croat conflict shifted to the mining chrome, iron, and zinc and metal-processing town of Vares, which lies in a narrow valley some twenty miles north of Sarajevo on the main road from Breza to Tuzla and was then just to the west of the Serb lines. Both the Muslim and Croat residents of Vares maintained relatively good relations with the Serbs, and there was a heavy traffic in smuggled persons and goods across the opposing lines east of...

Source D extracts from the Franco governments Labour Charter 1938 InternationalBrigades

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 18:06:18 GMT

Reviving the Catholic tradition of social justice . . . The State . . . an instrument wholly at the service of the entire Nation . . . embarks upon the task of carrying out, with a disciplined constructive and soberly religious demeanour, the revolution that Spain is achieving to ensure that Spaniards may once more possess, for good and all, their Country, Bread and Justice . . . Basing itself on the postulate that Spain is one and indivisible as regards her destiny, it hereby declares its aim...

Cavalry Flags HeadquartersFlags

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 17:45:58 GMT

Originally, Union forces divided cavalry units up among corps, which were largely infantry with artillery support. I lowcver, combat soon taught them that cavalry was best used independently and each army soon adopted cavalry corps, marked by their nu n flags. According to General Orders No. i it , 30 April t8fu, in the Army of the Potomac, the Cavalry Reserve headquarters was to have a yellow rectangular flag with a blue St. Andrew's cross the 1st Brigade, a blue star and the 2d Brigade, two...

The Medieval World BattleFlags

Mon, 13 Feb 2012 02:17:17 GMT

247 Romano-Byzantine Armies 4th-9th C. 154 Arthur amp Anglo-Saxon Wars 255 Armies of the Muslim Conquest 125 Armies of Islam. 7th-11 th C. 150 The Age of Charlemagne 89 Byzantine Armies 886-1118 85 Saxon, VikingS Norman 231 French Medieval Armies 1000-1300 75 Armies of the Crusades 171 Saladin amp the Saracens 200 El Cid amp Reconquista 1050-1492 251 Medieval Chinese Armies 50 Medieval European Armies 151 Scots amp Welsh Wars 94 The Swiss 1300-1500 136 Italian Armies 1300-1500 166 German Armies...

Cs Organization ArtilleryBattalion

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 18:09:44 GMT

Initially, heavy artillery was organized the same as infantry regiments or battalions. Each company after November 1861, was set at a minimum of 7 men, with 10 companies in a regiment. This was raised to 150 men in a company as of October 11, 1862, A full regiment would rate a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, a major, an adjutant who ranked as a lieutenant, a commissary who ranked as a captain, a quartermaster who ranked as a captain, a surgeon who ranked as a major, a sergeant-major, an ordnance...

Enlisted Men 4th Texas Volunteer Infantry CSA MuseumPhiladelphia

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 15:15:27 GMT

Few Rebel units achieved the reputation of the gallant Texans of Hood's Brigade, among them the 4th Texas Volunteer Infantry, Tough and rugged fighters, they became the shock troops of the Army of Northern Virginia when they came North to fight the Union's Army of the Potomac. The basic uniform shown here has some variations from the regulation Confederate pattern, the most noticeable being the black insignia of rank and the black piping, rather than the more customary blue although this is the...

Plate 20 EasternAssociation

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 12:59:40 GMT

51 Officer, greycoat regt Parliamentary foot The greycoal officer wears a uniform of which the cut, shape of hat, si dear m and very voluminous sash are taken from one of the ligures shown on the Farndon Church window His gloves have fringed cuffs, turned back onto ihe hand. The drummer's traditional r le was like that of the cavalry trumpeter to convey orders by drum beat Turner noted that a proficient drummer should be able to beat a 'Gathering', march, alarm, charge, retreat. Travaille or...

Uniforms EasternAssociation

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 10:56:06 GMT

One of the most deeply rooted misconceptions concerning the Civil War is that military uniforms did not exist until the creation of the New Model Army, and that they were the first to wear the traditional British red coat. In actual fact, it had long been the custom for companies or regiments to be clothed in a uniform manner, though as colouring was at the discretion of the commander or proprietor there was little standardization. As early as 1539 the London militia wore uniform white coats in...

Union Musicians Equipment MuseumPhiladelphia

Sun, 12 Feb 2012 09:17:43 GMT

n armies of both sides, military bands existed at regimental level and above, and they served two distinct purposes. First, they provided music on the march and on the parade ground and general entertainment in camp, which was very important when life was dangerous and short and there were few other diversions. The various bugle-calls also signaled the various events of the day, from meal times to taps at the end of the day The second function was to provide communications in battle, with drums...

European Observers Confederate Army 2

Sat, 11 Feb 2012 21:44:21 GMT

Civil War photographers liked to pose important visitors for pictures. Here are three titled French military men from the left, the Duc de Chartes, the Prince de Joinville, and the Comte de Paris. They are all members of the same French titled family, and served with Union Major General George McClellan's staff in 1862. TWO GERMAN BROTHERS The Midwest produced many regiments made up of men from Germany and Scandinavia. These two soldiers from Illinois, George and Herman Grothe, were both born...

Isbn 1872004547 PowickBridge

Sat, 11 Feb 2012 21:02:47 GMT

The authors and publisher wish to record their gratitude for the generous assistance of many people during the preparation of this book, including particularly the following Nick Bacon, Mark Beaby, Peter Bentham Hill, Gareth Blyth, John Crawford, Barry Denton, Howard Giles, Mark Harrison, Chris Johnson, Stuart Reid, Keith Roberts, David Ryan, Margaret Smith, Kelvin Spooner, Des Thomas, John Tincey, Dennis Ward, Tig Wright at Basing House Ian Barret, Simon Frame, Phil French, Gerry Hughes, Geoff...

Enlisted Men Cavalry Corps 2

Sat, 11 Feb 2012 17:46:06 GMT

The regulation coat was the same grey double-breasted tunic or frock as for the infantry, with all trim in yellow. The skirt extended to halfway between the hip and the knee seven buttons in each row, the distance between the rows 4 inches at the top and 3 inches at the bottom stand-up collar to rise no higher than would allow the head to turn freely, to hook in front at the bottom and slope back at 30 degrees on each side. The cuffs were 2J inches deep at the upper seam, to button with two...

Executed for his crimes UnionArmy

Sat, 11 Feb 2012 09:03:03 GMT

Just one week later, Brown was put on trial before a Virginia court. Brown laid on a cot during the proceedings because he was too badly wounded to sit up. But he still found the strength to defend his actions. I believe that to interfere, as I have done, in the behalf of God's despised poor is not wrong but right, he stated. Now, if it is deemed considered necessary that I should mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights...

Colonel of Engineers CSA ArmyRevolver

Sat, 11 Feb 2012 03:09:36 GMT

In the years before the Civil War, graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point who finished at the top of their class invariably went into the Engineer Corps, so prestigious was that service. This attitude continued during the Civil War where, whether supervising the construction of a pontoon bridge, a railroad bridge, or a corduroy road, or building field fortifications and battery emplacements, the engineer officer was always one of the most valued on any general's staff. This...

British Reenactment Groups SackCoats

Fri, 10 Feb 2012 23:19:05 GMT

In Britain, the two main umbrella organisations for American Civil War re-enactment groups are the Southern Skirmish Association, Soskan, and the American Civil War Society the A.C.W.S. For information about joining Soskan write to, The Secretary, Southern Skirmish Association, PO Box 485, Swindon SN2 6BF. As this book went to press Soskan had the following Northern Southern units, for prospective recruits to choose from. 2nd U.S. Artillery Battery A 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters 2nd U.S. Cavalry 18th...

Vj Ero LegionCondor

Fri, 10 Feb 2012 12:57:06 GMT

crossed the river fourteen days previously remained on the right bank, apart from 900 dead and 3,000 prisoners. In their retreat the Republicans had also abandoned 200 machine guns and 1,600 rifles. Four days later, General Alonso Vega began to nibble at the strong defences thrown up along the Sierra de Pandolls, while on the 19th Y ague's legionaries overran a number of Republican positions on the wooded slopes of Mount Gaeta. Still greater strain was put on the Republican line when, on 3...

The Role of Outside Forces BosniaHerzegovina

Fri, 10 Feb 2012 08:35:46 GMT

Real or imagined, the presence in central Bosnia of armed forces from outside the country also posed significant problems for both the Operative Zone Central Bosnia commander and the commander of the ABiH III Corps. Allegations of Croatian Army HV intervention in central Bosnia posed a political and public relations problem, but the presence of fundamentalist Muslim mujahideen and of other foreign mercenaries and the presence of UNPROFOR troops and both United Nations and European Community...

Spain 22 July 1936 Legion Condor 2

Fri, 10 Feb 2012 04:30:41 GMT

The first MX German fighter pilots sent to Spain still in their civilian clothes. I nun left ate U. Gcrlnrd Klein shot down and killed by flak on 18 January 1938 on iheTcniel front . Ii. Ekkehard Hefter killed in an accident on 28 September 1936 due to engine failure at Vitorla. the first fighter pilot to he killed in Spain . Obit. Hannes Tr.iutloft.Oblt. Herwig Kn ppel. Obit. Kraft Fbcrhardt killed in combat on 13 November 1936 at Casa de Campo and Lt.Wotf-Heinricb von Houwald. Following the...

Full Dress Uniform of General William T Sherman MuseumPhiladelphia

Fri, 10 Feb 2012 03:58:04 GMT

William T. Sherman remains a controversial figure in U. S. history, even though over a century and a quarter has passed since the campaigns for which he made his name, although his place among America's commanders remains secure. He had little use for the finery of the army and was rarely seen in his full dress uniform, seen here. The coat is regulation blue with the correct black velvet cuffs and collar, but the sash is rather broader and brighter than that worn by most other officers. County...

Sojourner Truth Isabella Baumfree ca 17971883 African American 2

Fri, 10 Feb 2012 02:37:50 GMT

Sojourner Truth was one of the most highly regarded and recognized African American women in the 19th century. In 1863, Harriet Beecher Stowe noted that she was impressed not only by Truth's tall, slender physical appearance but also by her clear sense of self-worth. An unstinting advocate of the rights of women and African Americans, Truth traveled widely in support of both movements. Truth was born into slavery as Isabella Baumfree around 1797 in New York State. Enduring harsh physical...

The Antislavery Amendment and Republican Unity AntislaveryAmendment

Thu, 09 Feb 2012 20:21:54 GMT

Prior to the first round of debates on the amendment, Republicans had not united behind a single, clear policy on emancipation. They had not yet rallied behind the antislavery amendment as the best method of achieving abolition. In fact, the constitutional amendment that would have preserved slavery forever, which Congress had passed in 1861, was still rattling around northern state legislatures. In February 1864 a proposal by Senator Henry B. Anthony of Rhode Island to rescind that amendment...

Democrats nominate McClellan for president AbrahamLincoln

Thu, 09 Feb 2012 20:03:13 GMT

Back in the North, meanwhile, President Lincoln's chances of winning the upcoming presidential election seemed to grow dimmer with each passing day. Taking advantage of widespread disgust and discontent with the war, the Democrats promised voters that they would put an end to the bloodshed if their candidate former Union general George McClel-lan was elected president. The party was dominated by antiwar Democrats known as Copperheads, possibly because some members wore buttons made from copper...

The US Navy ShoulderStraps

Thu, 09 Feb 2012 19:28:28 GMT

The job of preventing supplies from reaching Southern ports and defending the merchant marine fell to the US Navy, which, throughout the war lost 95 vessels and 2,100 sailors in action. The war coincided with a period of transition during which wooden ships were giving way to iron. The Navy commissioned 138 ironclad vessels during the four years of war. This sccnc, called 'the amputation' by its Gettysburg photographer, although posed, shows typical battlefield operating conditions. The doctors...