Analysis 1 Why Did The Military Rising Not Achieve Immediate Control Of Spain
Was the failure due to its inability to capture key centres such as Madrid, Bilbao and Santander in the north, Barcelona and Valencia in the east, Badajoz in the west, and M laga and Ja n in the south Indeed, a coordinated enveloping attack on the capital in July 1936 proved impossible. Forty years later, in The Battle for Madrid, the Anglo-Spanish writer and broadcaster George Hills made this point explicit for example, that because of fighting on the northern Basque and Santander fronts, the...
Epaulettes
American officers had traditionally worn epaulettes as a badge of rank and although their use was beginning to die out in the early years of the Civil War, it was not unusual to find them particularly on the shoulders of some militia officers. The 69th New York State Militia had worsted epaulettes on its new jackets adopted shortly before the war. These epaulettes had a broad bullion fringe for NCOs, a medium fringe for sergeants, and a narrow fringe for corporals and privates. Epaulettes were...
The 1911 Revolution
The Manchu dynasty had been in decline for many years and had faced many rebellions in the 19th century which it had managed to quell. With the accession of the two-year-old Pu-Yi as emperor, in 1908, its days were numbered. A mutiny of the Imperial army garrison at Wuchang soon escalated into all-out rebellion, and when the commander of the main Imperial Army, Yuan Shih-k'ai, came out in favour of a new constitutional monarchy, the days of the emperor holding real power in China were over....
Rebellion revolution and repression
Every age remains in the memory of future generations. But every age has its own internal logic, its own structure of feeling. J. Ugarte Telleria, La nueva Covadonga insurgente The military coup against the Republic began on 17 July 1936 among elements of the colonial army based in Spanish North Africa Morocco . A day later the rebellion spread to mainland Spain in the form of provincial garrison revolts. It was both a failure and a success it failed to take over the whole of the country at a...
The Armies
Before the events of the Civil Wars can be considered, it is important to cover some details of how both sides were able to assemble the necessary mat riel to conducts war men, equipment and finance. The support for each faction, however, was by no means as clear cut as is often presumed. Peers supported both King and Parliament, though the nobility in general naturally sympathized with the King, hut the gentry' were divided evenly, to such an extent that the 'civil' war might be regarded as...
Axton 1
Though the world of Axton is home to Wangker Aerospace, one of the Federated Suns' few producers of aerospace fighters, the action on the world had not yet involved that factory. Having slipped through the Keilant Mountains and onto the Kel-Dan Plateau, Leftenant General Annette Leyland and her Fifth F-C were on the run from the overpowering Fifth Syrtis Fusiliers. Having already sustained heavy casualties in six months of hit-and-run fighting, General Leyland's troops were holding out for...
Union Infantry Officers Uniforms and Equipment
Regulations concerning officers' uniforms allowed considerable latitude and therefore articles of uniform, accoutrements and accessories depended as much on the individual officer's taste and financial resources as on military requirements. Further differences arose because, while Regular Army officers were issued with many regulation articles of uniform and equipment, the volunteer officer was left to his own resources. There were, however, several regulations that were observed with some...
Headgear
Both officers and men had two types of hats issued a dress hat, and a fatigue cap. Between May 1861 and October 1865 the Army bought 2,347,524 dress hats from contractors. These hats were officially made of black felt with a 6i-in.-tall crown and a 34-in. brim, bound in black ribbed silk half an inch deep for officers, and made with a double row of stitching instead of this binding for enlisted men. In actual practice these hats, made by greedy contractors, were often considerably smaller than...
Isbn 9780762423569
This book may be ordered by mail from the publisher. Published by Courage Books, an imprint of Running Press Book Publishers 2300 Chestnut Street, suite 200 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-4399 Visit us on the web www.runningpress.com George Henry Davis Professor of American History Princeton University, New Jersey Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Battle Cry of Freedom The Civil War Era, Vol. VI in the Oxford History of the United States. His other books include The Struggle for Equality,...
Bibliography
The blockade runner Atalanta was built in London in 1863 for use as a cross-Channel ferry running between Britain and France. Instead she was turned into a blockade runner, successfully making an initial trip into Wilmington, SC. She was then purchased by the Confederate Navy, which converted her into the commerce raider CSS Tallahassee. North Carolina Maritime Museum, Beaufort, NC The following readily available books are recommended for those interested in further reading on the subject....
Personal Effects and Decorations of Major General Galusha Pennypacker
The personal effects of any ranking general officer of the Civil War are extremely rare. In Major General Pennypacker, we are fortunate that his career began so early in his life. Many of the decorations on show were awarded to him long after the war between the states had finished. Most other generals' uniforms are held in institutional collections, but this particular selection of artifacts is held by Chester County Historical Society in Pennsylvania. The youngest general in American history,...
A short stay at West Point
Beauregard officially became superintendent of West Point on January 23, 1861. The position of superintendent was a prestigious one. After all, West Point had provided almost all of the nation's leading military figures with their educations, and the cadets who welcomed Beauregard to the academy were regarded as America's military leaders of the future. As it turned out, however, Beauregard held the position for only five days before being fired. By the time that Beauregard took over at West...
The Tinclads
In the fall and winter of 1862, approximately 20 vessels of a new type were added to the river fleet the so-called tinclads. These were small river steamers, usually stern-wheelers, purchased in the cities along the river, sometimes by the War Department and sometimes by the Navy. They were armored with 1 2 to 3 4 of an inch of iron, with extra protection around the boilers, and they often carried an armored pilothouse. The sides were pierced to accommodate from 4 to 6 guns, usually 24-pound...
US Navy Cutlasses
Two types of Ames cutlasses are shown. The two Ames brothers, Oakes and Nathan, each owned his own sword-making foundry, but instead of cooperating they fought each other viciously for U.S. Government contracts. Oakes Ames, of Chicopee, Mass., produced the Model 1860 navy cutlass shown in the center, with its copper-riveted leather scabbard above it. His brother, Nathan P. Ames of Springfield, Mass., produced the Model 1842 cutlass at the bottom note the fish-scaled brass hilt reminiscent of...
Conventional Ironclads
While the monitors and the armored river gunboats occupied the attention of Union naval authorities to a considerable degree, the sea-going casemate or broadside ironclad was not entirely ignored. The merits and characteristics of the French and British ironclad frigates were well known in naval circles in the United States. In the main, however, construction of this type of vessel received a low priority, due mostly to the enormous and more pressing requirements for other types fast wooden...
Sergeant 79th New York Infantry Highlanders 186061
Few Yankee regiments of the war wore quite such a distinctive dress or one which gave rise to such mirth - as the famed 79th New York Infantry, known as the Highlanders. When the initial core of four companies was raised in 1859 it was composed entirely of Scots immigrants and the regiment modeled itself on the British Army's 79th Regiment of Foot, the famed Cameron Highlanders. In full-dress the men wore a black Glengarry cap with a checkered border, a kilt in the Cameron tartan, a doublet,...
The Battle of Shiloh
After a bleak winter that had proved tremendously unsettling to the Southern cause, spring 1862 brought hope that the Confederates in the west might redeem their losses. Johnston concentrated his defeated forces near Corinth, Mississippi, for an offensive into Tennessee. He had pleaded all winter for reinforcements, but none were forthcoming until March, when he was able to muster some 40,000 troops to engage the enemy. Realizing that the Federals possessed superior numerical strength, the...
Plate 15
36 Captain. Gamut's Regt 37, 38 Officers. Royalist foot The painted windows of Farndon Church provide one of the few contemporary or near-contemporary represents tons of the various ranks of a regiment, that of Sir Francis Gamul, perhaps the city trained band of Chester A yellowcoat regiment a colour perhaps derived from Gamut's arms , the men portrayed Including officers all wear 'uniform' clothing, including yellow sashes and black bow trimmings for the officers, and perhaps even a form of...
The First Civil War 16423
The King's standard was raised on 22 August 1642, but Charles I had lost his first battle three and four months before, when Sir John Hotham with Parliamentary' and naval support had denied him aceess to the munitions at Hull, withstanding a Royal attempt to take them by force. Loss of armaments, there and at London, and of the navy's support, cost the King and the Royalist faction dearly. Nevertheless, the embryo Royal army received a significant reinforcement in early August when Princes...
Massachusetts
Given Boston's large Irish immigrant population, it is not surprising that several Irish volunteer militia companies were active there during the 1850s. These included the Bay State Artillery, the Sarsfield Guards, and the mainlv-Irish Columbian Artillery - uniformed in dark blue coatees and pants with red trim and black bearskin caps, and with a lineage as old as the American republic. A wave of anti-Irish, anti-Catholic prejudice erupted with the nativist Know-Nothing political movement in...
The Plates
A Captain, South Carolina, 1861 The dark blue uniform worn by this stallcaptain is described by British correspondent William H. Russell on 17 April 1861 as 'blue military caps, with I palmetto trees embroidered thereon, blue frock- 1 coats, with upright collars, and shoulder-straps I edged with lace, and marked with two silver bars, to I designate their ranks of captain gilt buttons with I the palmetto in relief blue trowsers, with a gold- I lace cord, and brass spurs no straps'. A2 Corporal,...
burnside in command
On November 15, Burnside moved his massive army of 110,000 south toward Richmond, Virginia. They headed directly for Fredericksburg, which lies about halfway between Washington, D.C., and Richmond. Burnside hoped to reach the town along the banks of the Rappahannock River before Lee could reach it. He then planned to push farther southward and place his army between the Army of Northern Virginia and Lee's forces. Within two days, Burnside had about one-third of his men at Falmouth, Virginia, on...
The Plates
Lieutenant Colonel Hiram Duryea was cheered by the 5tli Xew York Zouaves at Caines' Mill because of his coolness under Jire. He lived for a long time after the war, only to be murdered by his lunatic son, Chester, who shot him seven tunes at the family's Brooklyn home in 914 an inglorious end to the tough old warrior's career. Xew York Division of Military and Suva I Affairs Lieutenant Colonel Hiram Duryea was cheered by the 5tli Xew York Zouaves at Caines' Mill because of his coolness under...
Union Rockets
Rocket launchers were not a new idea, and the Congreve rocket had been used by the British during the Napoleonic Wars. They also used it against the Americans in the War of 1812, an action which is immortalized in the Star Spangled Banner's reference to the rockets' red glare. The weapon seem here is the Hale rocket launcher, which was invented by British civil engineer William Hale in 1844 as a much lighter and more mobile successor to the Congreve system. Following testing and approval by...
Northern blacks want to join the fight
Many free blacks in the North were happy when Southern states began seceding from leaving the United States in 1860. In fact, some black leaders had been suggesting the separation of Northern free states from Southern slave states for many years. These black leaders believed that the U.S. government was obligated to protect slavery under the Constitution. They had seen the number of blacks held in slavery increase from seven hundred thousand to four million since the United States had been...
The living site
March'd rank and file with drum and ensign, T'entrench the city for defence in Kais'd ram piers with their own soft hands, To put the enemy to stands From ladies down to oyster-wenches Labour'd like pioneers in trenches, Fell to their pick-axes, and tools. And help'd the men to dig like moles A plan of the fortifications of London, the most extensive in the country. However, the banks, ditches and forts destroyed much private property and after the earthworks were slighted in 1647. there were a...
Union Cavalry Carbines
Arrtacts counesv o' The Cnnl IV,j- itti'aiy ,ml Museum Philadelphia. Pa Almost all Union carbines were breech-loading and fired special ammunition peculiar to each weapon, with calibers varying from .36 to .69. While great advances in small arms were made during the war, the lack of standardization created major problems. Most companies manufacturing these arms ceased to exist after hostilities came to an end. The Sharps carbine 1 was one of a relatively small number of capping breech loaders,...
Lyran Alliance
After the battles of the Rashpoint wave, the Lyran Alliance was remarkably quiet, with only the worlds within Prince Victor's initial thrust along the edge of the Periphery and those experiencing the aftershocks of the Flashpoint seeing armed conflict. Looking at the military situation in the Alliance, this was unsurprising many of the units in the Alliance were solidly behind the Archon or else faced foes who they regarded as a greater threat than Katherine. The Arc-Royal Defensive Cordon...
Swords
The presentation of ornate, deluxe swords to prominent politicians and local favorite sons, and, in particular, to war heroes was a recognized tribute in the 1860s. The majority of such presentation swords were enhanced models of swords then in current issue to the Army, but there were exceptions where no expense was spared. In the latter case, the result was a sword of exquisite quality and craftsmanship, such as those shown here. Some were even made by jewelers, such as Bailey and Co., of...
Manning the guns
When the Third System forts were being planned, it was clear that the existing stocks of heavy artillery would be inadequate and that specially designed heavy ordnance would be required to equip the fortifications. The first batch of specially designed seacoast artillery guns introduced during the period from 1820 to 1830 consisted of 18-pounders 1816 , 24-pounders 1819 and 32-pounders 1829 . Designs were heavily influenced by existing French Gribeauval patterns, but the guns were cast from...
Confederate Forces
Gano's Brigade Col Richard M.Gano 29th Texas Cavalry Gano's Texas Cav Bn Col C. De Morse 30th Texas Cavalry 1st Partisan Rangers LtCol N.W.Battle 31st Texas Cavalry Maj M.Looscan Welch's Texas Cavalry Company Lt F.Gano Texas Horse Guards Artillery Capt W.H.Krumbhaar 737 present for duty, PFD Fort Washita, Indian Territory Indian Division BrigGen D.H.Cooper Walie's Brigade Col Stand Watie 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles LtCol J.M.Bell 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles Col W.P.Adair Frye's Cherokee Cavalry...
Mobile Bay Campaign
On his promotion to Federal General-in-Chief, Grant set himself a number of tasks, one of which was the capture of Mobile, Alabama. This would close one of the two major ports for blockade running left open to the Confederacy. The attack on Mobile was aimed at the forts at the entrances to Mobile Bay, and on the Confederate naval squadron that included the ironclad ram Tennessee, considered to be invincible. The attack was a joint venture by the Federal army, led by Major General Gordon...
The Pti tes
Uniform research by Martin Windrow. Main sources, apart from photographs in published and unpublished collections, and surviving items of uniform and equipment in the Imperial War Museum, London, were J. M. Bueno, Uniformes Militares de la Guerra Civil Espa ola, San Martin, Madrid, 1971 articles by C. A. Norman in issues 66 and 67 of Tradition magazine and an article on armoured vehicles by Stephen Zaloga in Model world magazine, now defunct. A1 Alf rez, Tiradores de Ifni, campaign dress The...
Union Naval Officers Insignia
An officer was recognized by the insignia on his tunic, and that in the Union Navy derived chiefly from prewar usage, which in turn owed much to Army insignia. The shoulder strap markings were the most direct and reliable, and usually could be counted on to depict the officer's correct current rating. The sleeve or cuff stripes, on the other hand, took more time and effort to alter with promotions, and therefore were often ignored. As a result, there were many officers of all ranks whose cuffs...
Actione Et V1rtvte
11IN i l,1111 11111N 111,1 i l I ME Scots musketeer - detail after K ler, c.1631. The soldiers in this well-known print were probably drawn from descriptions rather than from the life. In this particular case the tartan trews are rather too full above the knees, and what appears to be a butcher knife was almost certainly a dirk. apprentices from their 'naked beds' and in September he even press-ganged a partv of presumably Catholic Spanish seamen who came into the port for fresh water. In the...
The Plates
Imperial Army soldiers wore the 1910 regulation uniform to a large extent in the fighting against the revolutionaries in 1911 12. This soldier wears the winter version of the uniform in dark blue cotton he has the red branch colour of the infantry on his cap and shoulder bars. His cap badge is a gold disc with a dragon design on it, and the three red stripes round the side of his hat show his rank. The rifle he carries is a Austrian Mannilicher, one of several types of rifle imported for use by...
Cavalry Horses
Early on, cavalrymen learned that their horses were their most valuable items of equipment. The credo of most cavalrymen was that they took care of their horses before they took care of themselves and while The distinctive yellow facings of this cavalryman's uniform mark him out to be a bugler. Note also the double seams of yellow on his trousers and the fancy stitching on the top of his boots. The bottom of his pistol holster can also be seen poking out from underneath his elbow. David...
Baldrics
Baldrics were leather shoulder belts carried by some officers. They were often festooned with gold lace and a lion's head usually of gilded brass was fixed to the front. Three brass chains were suspended from the lion's mouth with pins on the end that fitted behind a shield made out of the same metal. Suspended by rings from the belt was a small brass mounted leather box. The length of the belt was adjusted by a brass buckle with a brass tip and loop and the purpose of the baldric was purely...
cPrivate Iron Brigade Service Dress
The private of the 20th Maine illustrated wears the ordinary fatigue uniform, but with the official regulation dark blue trousers the regiment was one of the few to adhere to the original trousers rather than adopt the light blue ones authorised in December 1861. The figure shows the regulation infantry equipment, consisting of a waist-belt and small cap-pouch to the right of the brass plate, and a shoulder-belt supporting the cartridge-pouch on the right hip, the pouch having a tin liner and...
Plate 17 1
Comniunicatinf ilie Intelligence and affaires of t ie Court, to the reft of the Kinudusu. The f rtie ftxtk yyetKe, tndnt Novcmb. 19. E hivethiidiy covered the w y .tilth the, ftBitm intend fot lleft'tmiuon ot theT nit-fiat Xthru , not to oppofttianto the Br, , fit Mi Jtf.itn, for they ptotftfeto be the 1 atroer.and love the litter gt 11 btiido the run 1 . tut in 1 litre com pi J J net 0 LAtthmtt hira-telte t in prefettition whereol.thc Eirie ol StamM fScfoce he beftowed E'tttr on Priiire M u ie...
The US Murine Corps
The US Marine Corps fought on land at First Bull Run and in the taking of Fort Fisher, and in all the actions of the Navy on the high seas and rivers. It was never large, reaching a peak strength during the war of 4,167 all ranks. Of these, 148 officers and men were killed in action. Marines had a number of uniforms. For dress occasions they wore a double-breasted, dark blue frock coat decorated with yellow braid and scarlet trim, with a standing collar, and gold or yellow worsted cufTlace...
Legal Theory and Practical Politics
Senator Trumbull's announcement that he would bring the antislavery amendment up for debate set constitutional theorists to thinking anew about the founding charter and its mutability. One scholar in particular, Francis Lieber, who in December 1863 had advised his friend Charles Sumner not to propose an amendment granting all Americans equality before the law, now recognized the likelihood that Congress would soon propose revisions to the Constitution. Quickly he cobbled together a series of...
Knapsacks
According to regulations, Confederate troops were to be issued black-painted knapsacks, which were to be marked with 1 in. regimental numbers in white for the infantry and in yellow for the artillery. A Southern-made tin 'drum'-style canteen. These are the single most common Southern-made items found today at battle and camp sites. Author's collection A Southern-made tin 'drum'-style canteen. These are the single most common Southern-made items found today at battle and camp sites. Author's...
Haversacks and canteens
Haversacks and canteens were the fundamental items of equipment which kept the Union soldier alive. In his haversack he stored his food and eating utensils. Rations included salt pork, sugar, coffee, salt and the staple diet of all Civil War soldiers, hard tack, a biscuit made out of flour mixed with water which was then baked. It was so hard it never rotted and it was not unknown for hardtack to be issued to soldiers long after the Civil War had ended. Eating utensils would usually comprise a...
Connecticut
First Company, Governor's Horse Guards Formed iu the i8lh century and not part ol the regular state militia system, this unit was based in Hartford. Members joined a number of active Union army units. Its uniforms included black liearskin busbies dark blue coaices trimmed with Pulaski Artillery I mined in Little Rock and also This mrmbfr of hi Mobile gt Alabama Cadr wan Ihnr irty and black dress coal , with while numnipr trousers, and hold a rry and black copy of the Mi 851 US Amy shako. For...
Secondary Sources
Of the general surveys, Martin Blinkhorn's Democracy and Civil War in Spain London, 1988 is succinct and clearly ordered. Paul Preston's Concise History of the Spanish Civil War London, 1996 is a vivid evocation of the background and the conduct of the war itself, with an indispensable bibliographical essay. Patricia Knight's The Spanish Civil War is a recent contribution to the Access to History series London, 1998 . Of the more in-depth accounts, Hugh Thomas's The Spanish Civil War...
Rachel Foxley
In the summer of 1647 the parliamentarian New Model Army decisively asserted its right to act according to its own political conscience, defying parliament's attempt to disband it. Some royalists were prepared to go a long way towards rapprochement with the army, defending its actions as a return to true obedience - to the king - and urging army and king to make a deal which would restore Charles I but protect the interests of the soldiers. Among the army and their political allies the...
John Beatty a Union
In many ways, John Beatty typified the common soldier of the Union army, and his journal details army life in the Western Theater throughout the early years of the war. Beatty was born on 16 December 1828 near Sandusky in the western region of Ohio a region known for its strong anti-slavery sentiments. At the outbreak of war, he raised a company of local volunteers, which joined the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment. When the unit was mustered into service, Beatty, recently promoted to...
Uniforms of the US Marine Corps
Every vessel of the U.S. Navy carried a few Marines, who were as smart then as they are today, as demonstrated by these uniforms. On the left is a sergeant's field frock coat, with his badges of rank in gold braid on each sleeve and a white belt, with bayonet frog and cartridge pouch. On the right is a full-dress, double-breasted coat with collar and cuff embellishments and the shoulder-scales, which were mandatory at all times in this order of dress.
American Civil War Zouaves
Text by ROBIN SMITH Colour plates by BILLYOUNGHUSBAND First published in Great Britain in 1996 b gt Osprey Publishing, Kims Court, Chapel VV.iv, Bot Icy, Oxford OX2 91.1', United Kingdom Email ospreytoosprev publishing.co.uk i 1996Osprev Publishing I.td. Reprinted 1998, 1999 All rights reserved, parl from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, I'ISS. no part of this publication may be...