The war in the East 186164
Major John Gross Barnard was appointed Chief Engineer of Washington, DC in 1861, and was responsible for planning the fortifications that surrounded the capital. Promoted to brigadier general, he directed the siege works atYorktown in 1862, and by 1864 was Chief Engineer of the armies in the field under Grant. National Archives 530217 Defenses of Washington, May-July 1861 The Federal capital was considered vulnerable at the outset of the Civil War, and a number of forts, blockhouses, and...
Source H Dionisio Ridruejo Falangist old shirt and Francos propaganda chief
I was coming to realize that the revolution we had hoped to make was impossible. Eighty per cent of those being executed in the rearguard were workers. The repression was aimed at decimating the working class, destroying its power. In eliminating those whom our revolution was to benefit, the purpose of the revolution itself was itself eliminated. The reasoning behind the necessity for the purge was the sophism shared moreover by both sides that the enemy was a minority which was forcing the...
Source E Dionisio Ridruejo in 1938 Francos propaganda chief interviewed by
The charter had very concrete origins the Italians demanded it, maintaining that it was necessary to give the new state a more progressive social outlook and to remove suspicion that it was simply a reactionary regime. It was one of the very few times that the Italians intervened in the internal politics of the new regime, unlike the Germans. The latter's main concern was repayment of their aid. I heard Serrano Suner relate privately how German pressure became so great at one time that Franco...
Guerrillas And The Civilian Populations
No guerrilla force can survive for long without the active support of at least a part of the civilian population, on whom they rely for food, information, and BATTLE OF BRICE'S CROSSROADS, JUNE 10, 1864 This was a prime example of the employment of large numbers of partisan rangers in a pitched battle. Concerned about MajGen Nathan Bedford Forrest's regular attacks on the Nashville amp Chattanooga Railroad in Tennessee, Gen Sherman ordered BrigGen Samuel Sturgisinto northern Mississippi to...
Spain November 46 September 45
Cassius had proved both corrupt and incompetent as governor of Spain, alienating both his own troops and the local population. By the time he was replaced by Caius Trebonius, the situation was almost beyond redemption and the new governor was expelled by mutinous soldiers. Pompey's elder son Cnaeus arrived and was rapidly acclaimed as commander of the rebellious legions. He was soon joined by other Pompeians, including his brother Sextus and Labienus. A huge army of 13 legions and many...
Cavalry
Fairly elitist before the Great War and dominated aristocratic fops, the Soviet cavalry force was tra formed after the Revolution. The typical p gt I Revolution cavalryman could well have been a fori caretaker or gardener of an aristocrat's house. A se lt shortage of trained cavalrymen led to a massive retI ment drive with the slogan 'Proletarian, mount a Anyone who had ever dealt with horses was enl gt and it became normal to see cavalrymen in pec.l clothing ex-office workers in bowler hats...
The Russian Far East
J nuary 1918 Grigoriv Semvonov, chief of the Special Mi uirian Detachment, became Ataman of the Zabaikal, Amur I L'ssurivsk Cossacks. Although subordinated to Admiral r ak. in Januarv 1919 he set up the independent ol-Buryat Republic, and. after Kolchak's death, proclaimed - it its supreme ruler, ron Ungern, Semvonov's closest aide and commander of the br Cavalry Div ision, separated himself from Semvonov's troops in . ind went to Mongolia to become its Yuna, or ruler. In May 1921 attempted to...
th Virginia Infantry CSA
The 15th Virginia Infantry was formed, in part, by amalgamating companies from other regiments, in particular the 33rd Virginia and the 179th Militia. The soldiers of the new units were given a fairly regulation issue uniform of gray, with blue piping. The wounded field officer at left wears a two-piece Virginia State seal belt-plate, and is partially supporting himself on the private soldier's Virginia Manufactory converted flintlock musket, which has been altered to use the Maynard...
A Recruiting Poster
Before the invention of radio, television, and motion pictures, organizations and government officials spoke to individuals by using posters. These were hung in places where people often gathered, such as town squares, open-air markets, and the front of shops and newspaper offices. This enlistment poster was one of the most popular types seen in the first days of the Civil War. It does not mention pay or benefits. Rather, the picture of the patriotic soldier in battle gives recruits the...
Yanan and the strongpoint offensive
In March 1947 GMD forces captured Yanan, the Communist base which Mao had fled to at the end of the Long March, and where he constructed an alternative Chinese social and political system. A few months later, to luxuriate in the capture, Chiang Kai-shek flew into Yanan and walked along the streets and into the cave dwellings where Mao had once lived. The Nationalists hailed this as a great triumph, which would be the prelude to their recovery from the loss of Manchuria. For a short period the...
The journeys of Dr Albert Bonet
In Maria Luisa Rodriguez Aisa's book about Cardinal Goma, which has been repeatedly cited in this chapter, there are some references to Dr Albert Bonet i Marrugut which deserve amplification, not only on account of the influence he had upon the reception of the Collective Letter but because his adventures tell us much about the religious situation in the Francoist zone and the adverse fortunes of the Catalan Catholics. He was a typical example of the splendid Catalan clergy of the 1920s and...
Lao Deshan from peasant to conscript
The terror and misery that the practice of forced recruitment brought to China's peasants is illustrated by the fate of Lao Deshan, a 16-year-old living in Guillin province, whose experience was recorded by members of one of the International Red Cross teams working in China during the civil war. Lao's ordeal began in February 1947 when an NRA recruiting gang came to his village, searching the houses and scouring the countryside to pick up any young men unlucky enough not to have hidden...
Screw Frigates
Tonnage 5,170 tons D 3,173 tons B. Dimensions 265' wl x 53'8 x 24'3 Machinery 1 screw, 2-cyl. horizontal back-acting condensing engine 68 x 3'6 , 4 boilers, IHP 2,065, 10 knots Atlantic Complement 228 Armament 4-100pdr MLR, 1-11 SB, 34-9 SB._ Notes Officially considered to be the rebuilt 74-gun ship-of-the-line of 1814, authorized 1853. Ship rig. Engines designed by Isherwood. Ordered 1863. Service record European Sqn 1867-71. N. Atlantic 1873. European Sqn 187476. Receiving Ship, Norfolk NYd...
An Antislavery Slogan
Americans who hated slavery formed organizations to try to end it and to embarrass slave owners. One group's slogan was the question Am I Not a Man and a Brother The members tried to force masters to admit that slaves were not farm property, but people like themselves. what rights does a state enjoy Can it ignore a federal law with which it does not agree Americans had been arguing about the powers of the national government versus the rights of states longer than they had been arguing about...
South Carolina
South Carolina's basic uniform regulations were written in 1839 and, while they were reprinted as late as i860, they were fairly irrelevant to the Civil War period. New orders appeared in 1861 which brought them up to date for officers and senior noncommissioned officers, at least, and imposed uniformity within South Carolina's military force. Officers, according to the 1861 orders, were to wear dark blue frock coats and trousers like those of US Army officers. The trousers were to have a...
Second Lieutenant The Washington Artillery CSA
The prewar militia and private units that came into the Confederate service rarely adopted the national uniform regulations entirely, and the Confederate government never made any really concerted attempt to enforce them to do so. Indeed, in the hard-pressed Rebel service, any uniform, even one with improper insignia, was better than none at all. The Washington Artillery of New Orleans, whose gunners have already been seen on an earlier page, enjoyed a long and distinguished history, and...
Initial attitude of Bishop Pla Y Deniel and Cardinal Goma
Of all the Episcopal documents selected for this pamphlet, the most important, as much for its theological soundness as for its influence on the ideology and propaganda of the rebels, was the letter by Pla y Deniel that we have already mentioned, Las dos ciudades 'The Two Cities' . Although, unlike Goma, Pla y Deniel was not a fundamentalist but belonged to the camp of Social Catholicism, he was nevertheless much more generous than Goma in applying the title of 'Crusade' to the conflict. But...
Takes command of the allblack FiftyFourth Massachusetts
In January 1863, the United States government authorized Governor John Andrew 1818-1867 of Massachusetts to put together a regiment of black soldiers from his state. Since there were not enough black men living in Massachusetts at that time, Andrew called upon prominent abolitionists and black leaders to recruit men from all over the North to form the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts would be the first all-black regiment to represent a state in battle during...
Takes command of the allblack FiftyFourth Massachusetts
In January 1863, the United States government authorized Governor John Andrew 1818-1867 of Massachusetts to put together a regiment of black soldiers from his state. Since there were not enough black men living in Massachusetts at that time, Andrew called upon prominent abolitionists and black leaders to recruit men from all over the North to form the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts would be the first all-black regiment to represent a state in battle during...
Carriages
Any large field gun carriage was composed of several components that were virtually standard in all European armies. The three largest elements were the two cheeks and the axletree. The axletree was normally of oak although it could have been made of other materials. Elm was widely used, but any hardwood could be pressed into service if required. It was normally A stylized view of a wrought iron gun on a land service carriage. Iron versions of this kind of carriage still exist and are likely to...
Crossing the Rubicon
'They wanted it. Were it not for the support of my army they would have passed judgement upon me in spite of my achievements.' Caesar looking at the bodies of dead senators after Pharsalus By 50 the mood in Rome was increasingly tense. The fear was similar to that in anticipation of Pompey's return in 62. but probably even worse, for C aesar was perceived now as a more open revolutionary, and his province, with its large, veteran army, lay on Italy's own border. Many Romans feared that this...
civil war facts triviat
H Coffee was both the scarcest and most valued drink during the Civil War, and many people came up with interesting coffee substitutes, including okra seed, rice, wheat, peanuts, beans, sweet potatoes, peas, and acorns. These would be dried and then soaked in hot water, creating a coffee-like drink. H Since cane sugar and molasses were produced primarily in the South, prior to and during the war Northerners substituted maple sugar as an act of protest against the South. H At the beginning of...
Excerpt from How Does One Feel Under Fire
The influence of a courageous man is most helpful in battle. Thus at Antietam, when surprised by the Sixth Georgia Regiment, lying immediately behind the fence at the celebrated cornfield, allowing our regiment to approach within thirty feet, and then pouring in a volley that decimated our ranks fully one-half the regiment was demoralized. I was worse I was stampeded. I did not expect to stop this side of the Pennsylvania line. I met a tall, thin young soldier, very boyish in manner, but cool...
Home Away From Home
The waterproof leather knapsack was an item common to every foot soldier in the first years of the war. A leather-wrapped blanket roll was strapped to the top, and inside a soldier carried every bit of spare clothing he might have his tin cup, plate, fork, and spoon extra ammunition and any personal items he might want to keep with him. As they lost more items and as regulations relaxed, many soldiers abandoned these sacks later in the war and took to carrying all their possessions in a simple...
Fort Sumter 186 I
During the months leading up to the outbreak of the Civil War, the Union garrisons of Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter found themselves isolated by a hostile population. Both forts were ill prepared for service, particularly Fort Moultrie, which was largely indefensible due to cracks in the walls and sand piled up in front of the embrasures. For this reason the two garrisons concentrated their forces in Fort Sumter in late December 1860. For the next 13 weeks, they worked to improve the defenses...
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Fig. 2.3. Monitor turret showing 15-inch guns, with Passaic-class mounting on left, Tippecanoe-class mounting on right. Note the smoke box, shortened barrel, and muzzle ring required for firing the Passaic class's gun through the small gun port. U.S. Navy Ordnance Regulations, 1866, facing p. 108. means of clearing the anchor. Ericsson, he wrote, ignores every single thing but impenetrability, and that only in the turret.60 All the reports you may have seen in the papers about the trials having...
Union Manuals
The Civil War was fought by enormous armies, covering a vast area, and with relatively poor communications. In addition, vast numbers of state volunteers and militias were embodied and dispatched to the battle zones. The only means of achieving some degree of uniformity of equipment and practice was through the written word, which gave rise to a huge amount of military literature. Many of these were official manuals published by the Government Printing Office in Washington, D.C., followed...
Other Flags
In addition to unit colours and standards, senior officers possessed personal standards often different from those borne by their own trc op. The King's royal standard or Banner Royal , so nearly captured at Edgehill, bore the full Royal Arms first and fourth quarters, quartered arms of England and France, second quarter Scotland, third Irelandj. the Scottish version having the Scottish lion in the first and fourth quarters and quartered England and France in the second and at Edgehill, the...
The Battle of Shiloh
After a bleak winter that had proved tremendously unsettling to the Southern cause, spring 1862 brought hope that the Confederates in the west might redeem their losses. Johnston concentrated his defeated forces near Corinth, Mississippi, for an offensive into Tennessee. He had pleaded all winter for reinforcements, but none were forthcoming until March, when he was able to muster some 40,000 troops to engage the enemy. Realizing that the Federals possessed superior numerical strength, the...
MAPS 50 51 The Battle of Worcester 3 September 1651
Cromwell's main body lay to the south-east of the city on and around the Red Hill, on the east bank of the Severn, whilst Fleetwood was moving from Upton along the road to Powick and so to Powick Bridge, scene of a royalist cavalry victory in 1642, Fleetwood's objective was to cross the River Teme and attack the Scots on its northern bank, who formed the western defences of the city. The troops under Fleetwood moved slowly, but came to the Teme at two points, near Powick Bridge itself and...
Indiana
I MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM MM Ml MM MM MM MM MM Indiana is bounded on the south by the Ohio River, which uary 1, 1861, in the Wabash River at Terre Haute. MSV, contains a number of wrecks. Shipwrecks listed in this 30, 248. section are in the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers. Greenville. Union. Stern-wheel steamer, 105 tons. Built in Caroline. U.S. Stern-wheel steamer, 122...
Where to Learn More Amr
Chesnut, Mary Boykin Miller. A Diary from Dixie. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1949. Reprint, New York Random House, 1997. Chesnut, Mary Boykin Miller. The Private Mary Chesnut The Unpublished Civil War Diaries. New York Oxford University Press, 1984. DeCredico, Mary A. Mary Boykin Chesnut A Confederate Woman's Life. Madison, WI Madison House, 1996. Muhlenfeld, Elisabeth. Mary Boykin Chesnut A Biography. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press, 1981. Woodward, C. Vann, ed. Mary Chesnut's Civil...
Hoods desperate gamble
In the weeks following Sherman's capture of Atlanta, the Union Army engaged in a series of skirmishes minor fights with Hood's force, which continued to lurk in the region. In November 1864, Sherman's army set fire to Atlanta and marched eastward out of the city. Sherman planned to march through the heart of the Confederacy, seizing supplies and destroying croplands along the way. If we can march a well-appointed prepared army right through Jefferson Davis's territory, it is a demonstration to...
Sarah K Nytroe
On March 4, 1865, following his second inauguration as president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln stood before a crowd of thousands who had gathered near the east side of the Capitol building to watch the ceremony, having braved morning rains and muddy streets to attend. Four years into the conflict that had torn the country apart, and just over a month before the surrender of the Confederate Army at Appomattox Court House, Lincoln used his second inaugural address to reflect upon the...
Colt Army Revolver
Northern and Southern troops called any .44 caliber revolver an Army revolver. The six-shot Colt .44 and the Remington .44 were the two most popular Civil War pistols.
Improvised Navies
When war began in April 1861, the U.S. Navy boasted fewer than seventy usable vessels thirty-four steamers and thirty-five sailing ships and rapid expansion of the fleet became a top priority. This expansion took two forms, purchase and construction, and the navy began building gunboats and buying merchant vessels that could be converted into blockaders see figure 1 . The navy entered the commercial shipping marketplace with stumbling steps. Line officers, naval constructors, and engineers...
The Third System of coastal fortification
The era of construction following the War of 1812 was instigated as a direct result of British depredations during that conflict. It had been demonstrated that without adequate coastal fortifications, an enemy who enjoyed control of the sea could land more or less where he liked, and raid far inland. The maritime frontier needed better protection, and the Third System, which developed on the heels of the war, was the first coastal fortification initiative created as a result of an analysis of...
Accoutrements
The infantryman's oval brass lead-backed waist belt plate was 3.5 ins long by 2.225 ins wide, bearing the letters 'US' within a raised oval border on the front. There were two studs and a hook of brass embedded in the lead on the back. Between 1 January 1861 and 30 June 1866 the Army bought 143,348 of these plates. The infantryman's shoulder belt plate was also of stamped brass, lead-backed it was circular, ins in diameter, with two iron wire loops on the back which slid through slits in the...
The controversy over Fort Sumter
Located at the entrance to Charleston Harbor in South Carolina, Fort Sumter was manned by approximately sixty-eight U.S. soldiers under the command of Major Robert Anderson 1805-1871 . A five-sided brick building that stood guard over the port of the largest city in South Carolina, it remained in Union hands throughout the first few months of 1861, even as the Confederacy took control of most other Federal military outposts and offices in the Deep South. The continued occupation of Fort Sumter...
The Sortie of the CSS Virginia Saturday 8 March 1862
lag Officer Buchanan's plan to attack the Union blockading fleet in Hampton Roads on Thursday 6 March was cancelled. The CSS Virginia was still not ready for action, and Lieutenant Jones begged for a few more days to finish preparing the ironclad. Buchanan had planned a night attack, but local pilots refused to take responsibility for guiding the ship up the Elizabeth River in the dark. The attack was postponed until Saturday morning. Even then, the gunport shields would still not be fitted,...
The Battle Of Champion Hill
Now, at last, Grant turned to head straight for Vicksburg, 35 miles to the west. His first objective had been achieved - he had got his army between Johnston and Pemberton. Grant's men were full of confidence, beginning to realize that this was a remarkable campaign. One gunner wrote 'If there ever was a jubilant army, Grant's army in Jackson was that night.' But Grant allowed little time for celebration. He had the Confederates split and reeling, but he knew that they had reinforcements...
Mcdowell irvin 18188S
Irvin McDowell see Plate A3 was born in Columbus, Ohio, on 15 October 1818. At first educated in France, he was graduated in the US Military Academy class of 1838, and taught tactics at the Academy from 1841 to 1845. lie served as a staff officer in the Mexican War, earning a captain's brevet for gallantry at Buena Vista 22 February 1847 . From then until the outbreak of the Civil War he was assigned to duty in the office of the Adjutant General of the Army. On 14 May 1861 he was appointed a...
The Spanish Civil War in perspective 1
In retrospect, it sometimes became difficult to remember why the Spanish Civil War had been fought at all. Francoists had assumed for decades after the war that Spain would remain what they had made it - Catholic, authoritarian, nationalist and centralist. They suddenly found themselves living in a society full of the features they had sought to eradicate. It was now pluralist, tolerant, federal and multilingual. Militarism disappeared. Instead of the Second Republic being an anomalous period...
Explorers and Pathfinders
There were other explorers at work during these years who did not call themselves naturalists, but who nonetheless advanced the cause of knowledge in numerous fields. The middle decades of the 19th century represent the tail end of the last great age of discovery, which began with the expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1804-06. From 1851 to 1875 U.S. explorers headed for distant unknown corners of the continent to explore and survey the trackless wilderness. The military took...
An army without a leader the Spanish campaign AprilAugust 49
The main Pompeian army in Spain was at llerda modern L rida commanded by Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petrius. Between them they had five legions, HO cohorts of Spanish auxiliaries - a mixture of both close- and open-order infantry - and 5, XX cavalry. The other two legions, again supported by auxiliaries, remained far to the west in Further Spain under the command of Marcus Terentius Varro. To face the force at llerda, Caesar was able to muster six legions, along with 3, lt XX cavalry of various...
Florida
Standard Confederate-type uniforms, with a larger than usual number of plain shirts and straw hats being worn in tropical areas, appear to have been the norm lor Floridians. The state was relatively thinly populated, and the militia had fallen into This youth wears the insignia adopted for the commissary sergeant of the 20th Connecticut Regiment an insignia used, apparently, by other Connecticut regiments as well. The plain frock coat without regulation trim also seems to have been common among...
Richard Cordley
Account of William C. Quantrill's 1863 Raid on Lawrence, Kansas First published separately in 1863, 1895, and 1903 A survivor details a bloody massacre of civilians During the American Civil War, organized bands of Confederate fighters known as guerrillas were an important factor in the struggle for control of Missouri, Kansas, western Virginia, and other regions in question. These guerrillas also known in the North as bushwhackers and in the South as rangers launched repeated raids against...
Uniforms
No special uniform appears to have been authorized for Indian units on either side. The 53rd New York wore a Zouave style uniform with tasselled red fezzes and the usual baggy Zouave trousers. The other Union regiments appear to have worn the regulation uniform, whilst retaining their traditional hair styles. A contemporary account describes the small kepis perched on their full heads of hair as comical and ludicrous. The Confederate units wore the same style of uniforms as the other cavalry....
New York 1
Private du IOlli New York City Volunteers. Sergent lOth New York City Volunteers. Private du I2th New York State Militia. Private du Util New York State Militia. du 14tli lirooklyn. 861. L'unit deviendra 84 Mi New York Infantry Regiment. Private du II th New York Volunteers. 1861. Le I Ith New-York Volunteers, on Fire Zouaves, est un r giment de volontaires constitue de membres du corps des pompiers volontaires de la ville de New York. Le r giment disparait la bataille de First Bull Kun.
Ericssons Folly
On 3 August 1861, the Union Navy Department secured Federal funding to build ironclads in response to the threat posed by the Merrimac. The Ironclad Board reviewed the 16 tenders that had been submitted, and encouraged by the financier Cornelius Bushnell, and prompted by Welles, the Board reluctantly approved the design proposed by John Ericsson. None of the board members were engineers, or even advocates of ironclad warships, but all three members understood the danger facing the blockading...