Lecture Fifteen Antietam
Scope This lecture shifts the spotlight from Kentucky to Virginia to complete our consideration of the great Confederate counteroffensive in the autumn of 1862. However important the campaign in Kentucky might have been militarily, the Virginia theater continued to command greater attention. This gave special urgency to the events that followed McClellan's retreat from Richmond after the Seven Days. The initial confrontation pitted Lee against John Pope. When Lincoln recalled McClellan's army...
From pronunciamiento to Civil War
These preliminary observations about pronunciamientos will help us to demystify the origins of the Spanish Civil War. Franco revealed a mentality characteristic of a military officer who has just 'pronounced' when, a week after the uprising and possessing a curious idea of what civilized countries are, protested, without embarrassment, to a journalist that it was the Republic that, by refusing to surrender, was obliging him to wage war In all civilized countries, when the army has risen against...
Source A i from Francos Unification Decree 19 April 1937
In Spain as in other countries where there are totalitarian regimes, traditional forces are now beginning to integrate themselves with the new forces. The Falange Espa ola has attracted masses of young people . . . and has provided a new political and heroic framework for the present and a promise of Spanish fulfilment in the future. The Requet s, in addition to possessing martial qualities, have served through the centuries as the sacred repository of Spanish tradition and of Catholic...
Analysis 2 To What Extent Was Francos Regime Fascist
In November 1936 Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy accorded Franco diplomatic recognition as Chief of State. By January 1938, when by decree he installed his first government, Franco was firmly established as 'National Chief' of the Falange Espa ola Tradicionalista y de las JONS -the monumental 'movement' that was to underpin his dictatorship. In February 1939 Franco's regime was recognized by Britain and France and, on 1 April and with the Caudillo's deceptive termination of the Civil War, by the...
Foot And The Train Of Artillery
The equipment for infantry, cavalry and artillery is described in more detail in Elite 25 Soldiers of the English Civil War 1 Infantry and Elite 27 Soldiers of the English Civil War 2 Cavalry. By 1642 there were only two types of cavalry in English service, cuirassiers and harquebusiers. There were very few cuirassiers, troopers armoured from head to knee and armed with a sword and two pistols. Individual troopers on both sides were armed to this standard but the only complete formations were...
North Carolina
In 1861 there was the usual collection of volunteer companies in various uniforms in North Carolina. There were eight companies of 'Blues' and 23 of 'Grays', indicating a clear preference for grey uniforms. These uniforms quickly wore out, however, and the men needed new ones. North Carolina was unique among Southern states in that from 20 September 1861 it took over the responsibility for clothing its own troops. The state set up a clothing factory in Raleigh which made, during its one year of...
The Partisan Ranger Act April 1862
Confederate President Jefferson Davis disapproved of irregular warfare, judging guerrillas as too hard to control and a drain on the potential ranks of the regular army. In iate 1 861 Confederate Secretary of War Judah P. Benjamin stated that Guerrilla companies arc not recognized as part of the military organization of the Confederate States, and in early 1862 Gen Joseph E. Johnston drove recruiters for guerrilla bands from his camps. However, faced with the reality of large numbers of...
Henry McNeal Turner
Excerpt from I Claim the Rights of a Man Speech before the Georgia State Legislature, September 3, 1868 An expelled black senator defends his right to hold office The North's victory in the Civil War in 1865 settled two important issues. First, it established that states were not allowed to leave, or secede from, the United States. Second, it put an end to slavery throughout the country. But the end of the war also raised a whole new set of issues. For example, federal lawmakers had to decide...
The Murder Of A President
This old Lithograph illustrates the events of April 14, 1865. After the shooting, the unconscious president was carried across the street from the theater to the small home owned by a tailor named Petersen. Lincoln passed away there near dawn the next day. This is a playbill for the feature performed at Ford's Theatre the night of April 14. Laura Keene, the star of Our American Cousin, knew Booth. She was briefly detained by the police. However, she had no part in the plot to kill the...
Organization
BOTH sides raised Indian regiments at least 5,500 redskin cavalrymen were recruited by the Confederacy, and around 4,000 served in the Union infantry. The South recruited Indians much earlier than the North, promising the creation of an all-Indian nation in what is now Oklahoma. Many of the Indian tribes in this area were originally Southern, owning negro slaves, and had been deported West by the Federal Government with an escort of the army now fighting the Confederacy. Leading figure in the...
The defense of Charleston
Although there was an occasional Marine presence at the port of Charleston, SC, during the first 18 months of the war, the first substantial activity appears to have begun during February 1863. In anticipation of a Federal naval offensive, the Confederate Navy Department sent Cos B and C of the Marine Bn from Drewry's Bluff to Charleston, to play a key role in countering the threat posed to the harbor by the Federal monitors. Under cover of darkness, specially trained sailors, plus Marines from...
The Spanish Civil lMngj6jg
By the spring of 1936 it was becoming increasingly evident that Spain was heading for an armed clash between the forces and of the extreme Right and the extreme Left. The moderate Republican government of Madrid was helpless to curb the activities of militants of opposing factions, or to check the tide of political assassinations. Over the period of 16 June to 13 July, terrorists murdered 61 people and wounded a further 224. There were 132 bomb incidents, ten churches and nineteen public...
The Confederate Irish
1st Lt William L. Fagan, Co K, 8th Alabama Infantry. Fagan la shown in a typical Confederate officer's gray frock coat and 1st Lt William L. Fagan, Co K, 8th Alabama Infantry. Fagan la shown in a typical Confederate officer's gray frock coat and Irish immigrants also settled in large numbers in the antebellum South. New Orleans, third largest city in the United States, had the largest Irish population in the Deep South, followed by Memphis. Tennessee there were also sizeable Irish communities...
Uniforms
Pictorial envelope depicting Union soldier joining the ranks. Pictorial envelope depicting Union soldier joining the ranks. Uniforms in the Civil War were as varied as the people who wore them. When the Civil War began in 1861, no one expected it to last for more than a few months. The Union army had only 16,000 standing soldiers, and the Confederates had no army at all at first. Both sides held recruiting drives to encourage men to join up. Because neither the North nor the South was prepared...
US Navy Gunnery Accessories
The wooden tompion, on the left, was used to plug the muzzle of a 9 inch 229mm gun when not in use, its prime function being to keep out corrosive sea-spray. As was customary, the face of the tompion has been painted, in this case red, with the ring-pull backed by a Union star both are made of brass, and would have been highly polished during the war, The leather pass-box right , with strap and lid, was used to carry the projectile from the magazine or ready-use rack to the gun.
MEADE George Gordon 181572
George Meade see Plate El was born in Cadiz, Spain, on 31 December 1815, the son of a wealthy American merchant who was wiped out financially by adhering to Spain's cause in the Napoleonic Wars-Returning to the United States, Meade attended Mount Hope Institution and then the US Military Academy from which lie was graduated in 1835. He saw service in Florida and at the Water town Arsenal before resigning in 1836 to work as a civil engineer. He returned to the army on 19 May 1842 as a second...
Ii Mm Iii Mm Mm Mm Mm Iii Mm Mm Mm Mm Iii Mm Mm Mm Mm Iii Mm Mm Mm Mm Iii Mm Mm
California was vital to the Union effort in the Civil War as it supplied gold to help fuel the Union economy. Although California was relatively removed from the Civil War battles, pro-Confederate sentiment was strong in some areas of the state. Wrecks along the California coast and inland rivers resulted from fires, storms, boiler explosions, and groundings. The CSS Shenandoah had a plan to attack San Francisco, but the Civil War ended before it could be executed. Acadia. Nationality unknown....
American Civil War Armies 3 Specialist Troops
Text by PHILIP KATCHER Colour plates by RON VOLSTAD Firs I published in Great Britain in 1987 by Osprey, an imprint of Reed Consumer Books Limited, Michelin House, 81 Fulham Road, London SW3 6RB and Auckland, Melbourne, Singapore and Toronto lt 1987 Reed International Books Limited Reprinted 1988 twice , 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents...
HUNT Henry Jackson 181989
Henry Hunt see Plate C3 was born in Detroit on 14 September 1819. A third-generation regular army officer, Hunt was graduated from West Point in 1839. He served as a lieutenant of artillery in Winfield Scott's audacious advance on Mexico City in August 1847, earning brevets to captain and major for gallantry At Chumbusco he galloped his gun up to the walls of the capital as the gun nil limbered almost eveiv man and horse was hit, but the survivors got the piece into position only yards from a...
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The ABiH Attacks at Kacuni and Busovaca
The two principal objectives of the Muslim probing attacks launched from the villages of Merdani, Lasva, and Dusina in January, 1993, were the village of Kacuni on the important Busovaca-Kiseljak road and the town of Busovaca itself. The intent of the ABiH attackers was to seize Kacuni and thus sever the connection between Kiseljak and the rest of the Croat enclave in central Bosnia. Busovaca was a key Croat political center and controlled the road net west to Vitez and Travnik, east to the...
Arkansas
Irish neighborhoods in Mississippi river towns like Helena, Memphis and Vtcksburg furnished manpower to a number of Arkansas commands in 1861. Captain Thomas J. Key's Helena Battery, a hard-hitting little company recruited in Helena and Memphis, boasted more than 50 Irish names, as did Co B. 2nd Arkansas Infantry Hindman's, Goran's from Helena. Company A of the 13th Arkansas listed about 40 Irish names from Memphis. Two Irish companies from Vicksburg, the Shamrock Guards and Swamp Rangers,...
United States Navy Monitors of the Civil War
Although the desig n of the USS Monitor was revolutionary rather than evolutionary, many of its components were not new. In fact the design of 'ironclad' warships was being actively pursued by the naval ministries of Europe primarily because of the lessons learned during the Crimean War. It might be argued that the United States Navy had produced the first steam driven 'ironclad' in Robert Fulton's ingenious steam driven battery Demologos or Fulton . Although this double-hulled paddle wheeler...
Civil War Quilts
Although most women weren't fighting on the battlefield during the Civil War, women played a hugely important role supporting the troops and keeping things together back home. As the men left home to fight, women struggled to keep farms going and businesses surviving, and to feed and clothe their families. It was often very difficult, especially for women on small farms who relied on everyone in the family for help. When times were particularly tough and food especially scarce, communities in...
Writing Home
In these years before electronic communication, a letter was the quickest way for a soldier to get a message home. Telegraphic messages were expensive and, during the war, controlled by the military. These are some writing implements of a Union soldier, as well as a letter, some patriotic stationery, and a rolled-up lap desk. The desk is made from small slats of wood. When it was unrolled, the desk provided a smooth writing surface for a soldier seated on the ground. During the Civil War,...
Artillery Pieces
The artillery pieces of both combatants were quite similar. The more popular types were the Ordnance rifle 1 , Parrott rifle and the smoothbore Napoleon 3 , which were fabricated by both sides in various configurations. The Confederate artillery also used many obsolete pieces updated by binding the barrel to strengthen it and by rifling. 1 A full service history exists for this piece the 3-inch Ordnance Rifle, Muzzle-loading, No. 1, which was made by the Phoenix Iron Company of Phoenixville,...
A tour of a Third System fortification
The large and imposing coastal fortifications of the Third System were designed to conform to long-held principles of military engineering. As such, they displayed features that could be found in the Vauban forts built across F.urope over two centuries earlier, and certain features were continued on into the 20th century when the U.S. Army built a new series of coastal defenses. The main component was the deployment of a large battery of ordnance on the seaward side of the fortification, while...
The Confederate counteroffensive
During the summer of 1862, in the absence of offensive Union strikes, the Confederates seized the opportunity to take the war back into the Upper South states of Tennessee and Kentucky. Besides, the federals had held the upper hand long enough in those states that civilians might desire Confederate redemption, particularly in light of the fact that Northern authorities were directing their armies to strike at the institution of slavery. About the same time that Halleck left the west, so too did...
Illinois
The only state regulation on dress in use in Illinois at the outbreak of the Civil War was a requirement that officers could wear uniforms 'similar' to those worn by US Army officers. The state did not, however, have a unique state uniform for its Civil War troops. It was hoped that the US government could uniform and equip all the state's volunteers from the beginning. This was not to be the case and the first Illinois infantry volunteers received a state-provided issue of grey shirts, blue...
Georgia
soon as the war broke out. Some 700,000 men mustered into the Northern armies during the initial months of the war. Most enlisted for three years' service. Out of approximately 1 million white males of military age. the Confederate Congress called on 500,000 men to enlist, which inspired hundreds of thousands to muster into service. Roughly 50 percent signed up for three years and the other half enlisted for 12 months. Companies of 100 soldiers constituted the primary unit of organization on...
SHERIDAN Philip Henry 183188
Philip Sheridan see Plate G3 was bom ill Albany, New York, on 6 March 1831, but his family soon moved to Somerset, Ohio, There Sheridan acquired his basic education and clerked in a general store, before being appointed to the West Point class of 1852. While at the Academy he was suspended for a year for lighting with a fellow cadet, hence graduating in 1853, in the bottom third of his class. He was appointed to the 4th US Infantry, and served thereafter on the frontier. Coming East at the...
The siege of Vicksburg
While Johnston was being reinforced by troops from Tennessee and South Carolina, Grant collected his troops and, thanks to Halleck in Washington, also received reinforcements. Pemberton, meanwhile, was contemplating a way out of Vicksburg. Realizing that attempting to evacuate the city would not only be futile, but also give the Federals complete control of the Mississippi, Pemberton chose to stay and try to outlast the siege. Anxious to capitalize on his string of successful operations and...
thcentury fortification theory
It was in 16th-century Europe that the science of artillery fortification matured fully to counter the dramatic increase in firepower afforded by the development of gunpowder. The devastating effect of artillery against tall medieval walls and towers had convinced military practitioners that new forms of defence were needed to offset this offensive power. The resulting forms developed in Italy in the 1490s consisted of much lower walls with gun-ports and platforms, and with four-sided angular...
Confederate Unit Flags Variant Patterns
With such a large number of different patterns and variations, the study of Confederate flags has developed into a field of its own. Of particular interest are western theater flags that would not even be identified as Confederate by the layman. To have any grasp of the subject, the reader is referred to the definitive source on the subject The Battleflags of the Army of the Tennessee, by Howard Michael M. Madaus and Robert D. Needham. Fine specimens exist in the Tennessee, Mississippi and...
On campaign
Since sharpshooter skirmish work made the individual walk and run further and work harder than the average infantryman of the line, sharpshooters burned more calories in the field. One of the main problems sharpshooters reported when on the march or camped in the field was a lack of proper rations. Private Henry Crowell, Company E, 1st USSS, wrote home on September 29, 1863, during the Army of the Potomac's fall campaign, We are all well I believe to day, but are short of rations and the boys...
Naval Guns
Naval guns saw use not only on ships, but on seacoast defense fortifications on land, operated sometimes by naval crews and at other times by army heavy artillerymen. The Union Navy was blessed with the ordnance creativity of Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren, chief of'Naval Ordnance from July, 1862, to June, 1863, when he assumed a sea command. 1 lis first heavy iron gun design was submitted in 1850, and a 9-inch smoothbore was cast to his design at the West Point Foundry, The 9-inch tube, which...
Union Naval Ensign
Naval ensigns are normally very large and thus difficult both to collect and to display, Thus, those few that do remain are usually to be found in the larger collections at places such as the United States Navy Museum at the Washington Navy Yard and the United States Naval Academy Museum, Annapolis, Md, although this particular example comes from The Civil War Library and Museum in Philadelphia, Pa. the USS San Jacinto, a 2,200 ton screw corvette sloop, armed with twelve 8-inch 203mm and four...
Continuation of the ABiH Offensive in the Kiseljak Area
The Kiseljak area was cut off from the Croat enclave in the Lasva Valley including Travnik, Novi Travnik, Vitez, and Busovaca in late January, 1993, when the ABiH seized Kacuni. Thereafter, ground communication between the Vitez-Busovaca area and the Kiseljak area was very difficult, and HVO forces in the Kiseljak enclave operated almost independently. Until the summer of 1993, most of the Muslim-Croat fighting in the Kiseljak area occurred in the north, particularly in the Gomionica area in...
Confederate Medical Equipment
The Confederate Medical Department fought a hopeless battle against disease and infection in a war in which twice as many soldiers died of disease as became battlefield casualties, and commonplace childhood illnesses became fatal epidemics, incapacitating whole regiments. On the surgical side, amputation was the accepted procedure for wounds affecting the arms and legs, while body wounds were considered inoperable, and usually fatal given the high incidence of infection. Fighting for a cause in...
Army of the Potomac MGen G G Meade
ist CORPS M.GEN. J. F. REYNOLDS ist Division B.Gen. J. S. Wadsworth ist Bde B.Gen. S. Meredith - 2nd, 6th and 7th Wis. 19th Ind. 24th Mich. 2nd Bde B.Gen. L. Cutler - 14th, 47th, 76th and 95th N.Y. 7th Ind. ist Bde B.Gen. G. R. Paul - 94th and 104th N.Y. nth and 107th Pa. 16th Maine 13th Mass. 2nd Bde B.Gen. H. Baxter - 83rd and 97th N.Y. 19th and 88th Pa. 12th Mass. 3rd Division M.Gen. A. Doubleday ist Bde B.Gen. T. Rowley - 20th N.Y. 121st, 142nd and 151st Pa. 2nd Bde Col. R. Stone - 143rd,...
Veteran Reserve Corps and Medics
The Veteran Reserve Corps was created in 1863 as the Soldiers battered their hats into a variety of shapes to personalise them. This cavalry or artillery private, favoured a stovepipe effect with his hat. David Scheinmann. Soldiers battered their hats into a variety of shapes to personalise them. This cavalry or artillery private, favoured a stovepipe effect with his hat. David Scheinmann. Invalid Reserve Corps, but this name proved unpopular so it was changed. The Corps was composed of invalid...
Ukraine
The political situation in Ukraine from 1917 to 1922 was complicated, to say the least. Towards the end of 1917 a group of nationalists in Kiev declared the Ukrainian Peoples' Republic. They were led by a Central Rada council led by Vladimir Vinnichenko, a writer, and Simon Petlyura, ajournalist. Bolshevik troops invaded in January 1918 and set up their own Soviet Ukrainian government. This was short-lived on 3 March 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk formally recognised a new Ukrainian state....
Louisiane
Scrgcnl-major d'infanterie. Louisiane. 1861. Scrgcnl-major d'infanterie. Louisiane. 1861. Drapeau du 39th North Carolina Infantry Regiment. du 3rd north Carolina Infantry Regiment. du 3rd north Carolina Infantry Regiment. Private du 27th north Carolina Infantry Regiment. Officcr du Ist South Carolina Infantry Regiment. Sergent du NcCIellan's Zouaves Porte-drapeau du Ist South Carolina Ritles. Private du McCIellan's Private des Charleston Zouaves Cadets. Officer du 2nd Officier du I4th Tennesec...
Latvia
Alter the creation of the Latvian Republic, a complex struggle developed between pro-German and pro-Allied factions, and between pro- and anti-Bolsheviks. The Latvian capital Riga was strongly opposed to the Soviets, but on one occasion made ready to repulse White troops who. at the time, were more openly hostile to Latvian independence. Among the first Latvian units was the Kaplak Battalion named after its commander . This consisted of Detached Officers' Company Zesiss Company Student Company...
Bibliography
Davenport, A., Camp and Field Life of ilie fifth New York Volunteer Infantry, Duryee Zouaves, Dick and Fitzgerald, New York 1879. Reprinted by the Butternut Press, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1984. Nash, E.A., A History of the Forty Fourth Regiment Sew York I olunteer Infantry, Chicago 1911. Reprinted by the Morningside Bookshop Press, Dayton, Ohio, 1988. Cow tan, CAY., Services oj the Kith New Volunteers National Zouaves in the War of the Rebellion, New York, 1882. Johnson, C., The Long Roll,...
Fort Jackson
The spring of 1862 was a traumatic period for the Confederate garrisons of Third System forts. Within a matter of weeks, Fort Macon and Fort Pulaski had fallen following short devastating bombardments by mortars and rifled guns. Just over a week after the surrender of Fort Pulaski, it was the turn of the two forts that guarded the Mississippi River south of New Orleans. Since the start of the war, the naval strategy of the Union had concentrated on the imposition of a blockade around the...
The Combatants
the Monitor the next day. Following recovery, Buchanan was promoted to the rank of admiral and sent to command Confederate Navy forces on Mobile Bay, Alabama. He supervised construction of the ironclad CSS Tennessee and was on board her during the engagement with Farragut's Union fleet on August 5, 1864. Wounded once again, and taken prisoner, he was finally exchanged In February 186S. Naval Historical Foundation photo NH 562 2 The executive officer of the CSS Virginia was Franklin Old Buck...
Tentative deescalation
Once again there were parallels between the end of the civii war and the Anglo-Irish War in that no one could be sure that it was really over. Unlike the Anglo-Irish War, however, there was no truce, no negotiations no settlement the Republicans conceded nothing, not even defeat, and Ireland remained on a war footing. The iRA's guerrillas simply dumped their weapons and went home to await the next time. The fact that the IRA had not been defeated would come back to haunt the Irish Government...
Brigadier General Joseph William Hoffman
Joseph William Hoffman was an otherwise good match for the South's General John H. Winder. For Hoffman, prison man-agement was a matter of efficiency, reducing the human component of men behind bars and walls to an accountant's sort of calculation on food and fuel per man ratios. Proudly at war's end he turned back to the War Department hundreds of thousands of dollars that he had saved at the expense of the health, nourishment, and comfort of his prisoners. Like Winder, Hoffman was a regular...
Equipment
The branch-of-service color in the Confederate cavalry was yellow, as in the old Federal cavalry, and also the same as its Federal counterpart during the Civil War. The same branch-of-service insignia, the crossed sabers, was also utilized. There was a striking similarity in uniforms between the two sides, except for the color and the rank device, especially the elaborate gold braiding on the sleeves, as seen on the frock coats- 3 and 5 . 1 Uniform trousers of Capi W H Cleaver, Steele's Texas...